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Table of Content

    15 September 2021, Volume 40 Issue 9
    Invited
    Research Progress of Special Aggregate Concrete
    LIU Yunpeng, SHEN Peiliang, HE Yongjia, WANG Fazhou
    2021, 40(9):  2831-2855. 
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    Aggregate is the major component of concrete. With the development of concrete technology and the expansion of application scenarios, some special aggregates whose basic properties and surface conditions are quite different from those of natural aggregates have gradually attracted wide attention. For example, the use of lightweight/heavyweight aggregates is the main method to meet the special density requirements of major construction projects such as high-rise and long-span structures, bridge cantilever construction, and building foundation anti-floating. Besides, the use of recycled aggregates instead of natural aggregates to prepare recycled aggregate concrete can effectively solve the problems of the shortage of natural aggregate resources and the recycling utilization of waste concrete. There are some common scientific and technical problems during the application of these special aggregates. The performance, microstructure, and construction characteristics of concrete prepared with these special aggregates are significantly different from those of ordinary concrete. This study reviews the research progress and development trend of three types of special aggregate concrete including lightweight aggregate concrete, heavyweight concrete and recycled aggregate concrete. The research on the aggregates properties, the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and construction technology are highlighted. The suggestions on the development trend of the above concrete are also proposed.
    Research Letter
    High Quality Ultra-Low Expansion Transparent Glass-Ceramics Achieve Mass Production
    ZHAO Chunxia, FAN Shigang, ZHANG Lihong, LIU Jie, HE Can, LI Yue
    2021, 40(9):  3185-3787. 
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    Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 system ultra-low expansion glass-ceramics is a kind of low expansion optical material with excellent performance, it has low thermal expansion coefficient and good transparency. Domestic high quality ultra-low expansion glass-ceramics has been subject to technical constraints and it is difficult to achieve mass production. In this study, high quality ultra-low expansion transparent glass-ceramics with near-zero thermal expansion coefficient were successfully manufactured by melting method, stirring process and suitable heat treatment system, the appearance of the product were complete, there were basically no bubbles, stripes and other defects inside the product. The thermal expansion coefficient, stress birefringence and flexural strength of the superior product were tested. The results show that the coefficient of thermal expansion of the superior product is 1.6×10-8 K-1, the stress birefringence is less than 2 nm/cm, the flexural strength is 171 MPa, and the quality has reachedZERODUR zero grade. The phase composition, surface morphology and microstructure of the product were analyzed through XRD, SEM and TEM. The main crystalline phase of the product is β-quartz solid solution, the content of the crystalline phase is high and the distribution is uniform, the grain size is tens of nanometers, which ensures the extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion and high transparency.
    Cement and Concrete
    Review on Effects of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High Performance Concrete by Curing Regimes
    XU Xiangbo, YU Yong, JIN Zuquan, ZHU Chongai
    2021, 40(9):  2856-2870. 
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    Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is a fiber reinforced cement-based composite material with ultra-high permeability and mechanical properties. In the process of preparing UHPC, the curing regime of high temperature and pressure is an important measure for UHPC to obtain high performance. The basic mechanical properties and microstructure of UHPC with different curing regimes were reviewed, and the action mechanism of curing regime was analyzed. The research shows that thermal curing accelerates the hydration process of UHPC, improves the compactness of the material, and UHPC can obtain the ultra-high strength. With the introduction of SiO2 component,UHPC has compact microstructure and good early mechanical properties under thermal curing compared with standard curing. However, excessively high temperature leads to coarsening and microcracks in the pore structure of the interface, resulting in interface damage, which is not conducive to the later strength development of UHPC. This paper aims to comprehensively compare the effects of different curing regimes on the mechanical properties and microstructure of UHPC, so as to guide the production and engineering application of UHPC.
    Influence of Calcination Temperature on Mineral Phase Content and Morphology of Cement Clinker by Rietveld Method
    YANG Huan, QI Yanyong, GAO Yulei, DENG Lei, LI Shiying
    2021, 40(9):  2871-2876. 
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    In order to explore the influence of calcination temperature on the mineral phase of cement clinker, the clinker was analyzed qualitatively, quantitatively and morphologically by XRD, Rietveld and lithofacies method. The results show that Rietveld method can be used to measure the relative content of each mineral phase in the clinker quickly and accurately. According to the content of mineral phase calculated by Rietveld method, it can be seen that calcination temperature has a direct effect on the content of mineral phase in the clinker, especialy C3S and C2S. The results of mineral phase content obtained by Rietveld method are close to those obtained by Bague algorithm, but the content of C3A obtained by fitting is lower. This is due to the rapid cooling of clinker which makes C3A exist as glass phase. With the increase of calcination temperature, the crystal nucleation and development are more perfect, and the clinker shows better morphology.
    Effects of Cooling Methods on Clinker Mineral and C3S Crystal Form
    LIU Qian, DENG Lei, GAO Yulei, QI Yanyong
    2021, 40(9):  2877-2883. 
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    C3S mineral is the main ingredient of clinker and the main provider of cement clinker strength. The strength of clinker is not only affected by the content of C3S, but also directly related to the C3S crystal form. In order to study the effects of cooling methods on the mineral composition and crystal structure of the clinker, the industrial raw materials from different manufacturers were calcined at 1 450 ℃ for 30 min, then quenched by liquid nitrogen immediately, cooled by air quickly and cooled slowly with furnace. The mineral composition, content, crystal form, morphology and solid solution of clinker were analyzed by TG-DSC, XRD, Rietveld method and petrography analysis. The experimental results show that the cooling rate increases, the C3S content in the clinker increases, and the β-C2S, C3A and C4AF content decreases. The cooling rate in the raw material with a larger aluminum ratio has a more significant impact on the C3S and C3A content. The crystal form of C3S is different under different cooling methods. The C3S is mostly M1 or M3 type under liquid nitrogen cooling and air cooling, and the C3S is mostly T-type under furnace cooling. The slow cooling rate makes the crystal form of C3S change from M-type to T-type.
    Effect of F-S Mineralizer on Calcining Raw Materials with High Quartz Content
    MAHESHATI Hansuoertan, LU Puguang, AI Hongmei
    2021, 40(9):  2884-2890. 
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    The all-components of waste concrete used in cement production can improve the utilization rate of construction waste, however, the quartz will be brought in raw material inevitably, and the burnability of raw material and the quality of clinkers can be affected. Different proportions of F-S mineralizer (m(F)/m(SO3)=0.4) were mixed in raw material in the experiment, the effect of F-S mineralizer on clinker property and burnability of raw material whose silicon materials were quartz sand was studied. The results show that while the F-S mineralizer is added in the raw material, the burnability of raw material is improved, it also lowers the temperature of liquid phase appeared and crystallization of C3S, hydration products of clinker is more compacted and compressive strength is higher than raw material. When the mass content of CaF2 of F-S mineralizer increases from 0.5% to 1.5%, the long slenderness ratio of C3S crystal becomes smaller, and the compressive strength of hydrated clinker decreases slightly.
    Late Activity Mechanism of Zeolite Powder Activated by Diethanol-Isopropanolamine and Triisopropanolamine
    WANG Xingang, CHEN Tao, ZHAO Hua, LI Yujie
    2021, 40(9):  2891-2897. 
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    Diethanol-isopropanolamine and triisopropanolamine (DEIPA-TIPA) grinding & enhancing aid (GEA) was used for activating the late activity of zeolite powder (ZP). The particle size distribution of ZP was characterized by laser scattering particle size distribution analyzer. The composition, micro-morphology, CH content of hydration products were characterized by XRD, ESEM and TGA. The results show that the specific surface area of ZP increases by 85.4 m2·kg-1 and the average particle size decreases by 1.45 μm when 0.04% (mass fraction) GEA (m(DEIPA):m(TIPA)=6:4) is added. Adding 10% (mass fraction) activated ZP to cement mortar, the activity index of ZP increases 7% in 28 d. DEIPA-TIPA GEA promotes the hydration process of ZP-cement system and the secondary hydration reaction of ZP through adsorption-dispersion mechanism and complexation, which enhances the strength of cement mortar to a certain extent by improving the uniformity and compactness of hydration products.
    Effect of Seawater on Hydration Process and Mechanical Properties of High Belite Calcium Sulphoaluminate Cement
    ZHENG Juan, LI Hui, XU Mingfeng, ZHOU Jian, CHEN Zhifeng, ZHANG Zhenqiu, LIU Chengjian, ZHANG Jianbo
    2021, 40(9):  2898-2904. 
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    The compressive strength and flexural strength of high belite calcium sulphoaluminate cement (HB-CSA) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mortars with seawater mixing and seawater curing were measured. The hydration processes and hydration products of HB-CSA and OPC were characterized by isothermal calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. The effect of seawater on hydration process and mechanical properties of HB-CSA was analyzed. The results show that seawater mixing doesŃt significantly affect the early hydration process of HB-CSA, and seawater mixing and seawater curing doŃt change the types of main hydration products. Seawater mixing significantly accelerates the early hydration of OPC. Chlorine in seawater reacts with OPC hydration products, resulting in the formation of Friedel's salt. Seawater mixing and seawater curing have little effect on the compressive strength of HB-CSA mortar, but reduce the compressive strength of OPC mortar in the later age. Seawater curing significantly improves the flexural strength of HB-CSA and OPC mortars, and the increase of AFt content is the main reason for the increase of flexural strength. Because Ca(OH)2 and AFm are not found in the hydration products of HB-CSA, the damage of concrete expansion cracking and strength decline caused by generation of excessive CaSO4·2H2O and AFt after seawater intrusion are avoided.
    Strength Development Monitoring of Geopolymer Mortar Based on Piezoelectric Ceramics
    HU Pengbing, CHEN Juan, SUN Hang, CAI Gaojie, HU Xianyue, LIU Jinning
    2021, 40(9):  2905-2910. 
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    The piezoelectric ceramics (PZT) smart aggregates were embedded in the geopolymer mortar specimens in pairs, the active induction method was used to monitor the piezoelectric stress wave signals of the geopolymer mortar at different ages, and the time-domain signal diagram analysis was combined with the wavelet packet energy analysis. The corresponding relationship between the energy change of the piezoelectric signal and the strength change of the geopolymer mortar was discussed. The time-domain signal diagram analysis shows that with the increase of the curing age of the geopolymer mortar, the piezoelectric ceramic intelligent voltage amplitude gradually increases, reflecting the change process of the compressive strength of the geopolymer mortar. The wavelet packet energy analysis shows that with the increase of age, the compressive strength of the geopolymer mortar is consistent with the total energy calculated by piezoelectric signal amplitude. Based on the experimental results of the compressive strength of the geopolymer mortar and the energy calculated by stress wave of piezoelectric ceramics, the correlation function between the strength of the geopolymer mortar and the total energy calculated by piezoelectric stress wave signal is fitted.
    Effect of Metakaolin on Early Mechanical Property and Microstructure of High Fluidity Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete
    YU Zihao, ZHANG Tongwei, CUI Kewang
    2021, 40(9):  2911-2920. 
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    To improve the workability of the pumped concretes at early curing stage, which are normally used in driven cast-in-place piles, this paper investigated thefluidity, compressive and tensile strength, elastic modulus, destruction morphology and microstructure of high fluidity metakaolin (MK) and steel fiber (SF) concrete. Then, the effects of metakaolin and steel fiber on concrete properties were evaluated. The results show that the fluidity of the paste decreases with the increase of steel fiber or metakaolin respectively. As metakaolin contents increased, the increment of metakaolin dominates the fluidity of concrete, and the effect of steel fiber is not evident. The compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic modulus after 7 d curing increase with SF or metakaolin respectively, and metakaolin is the key factor effecting the strength of high fluidity MK-SF concretes. Whist the residual tensile strength and crack development are significantly dominates by steel fiber. From the scanning electronic microscope (SEM) images and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrogram, more stable hydrated calcium silicate (CSH) gel, monosulfide calcium sulphoaluminate hydrate (AFm) and polysulfide calcium sulphoaluminate hydrate (AFt) are produced by metakaolin addition. These products reduce the porosity and defects, and strengthen the bonding in interfacial transition zone. The metakaolin and steel fiber increase the viscosity of paste and the shear resistance of interfaces, which is essentially to hinder the relative movement of each component. Then, they have a coupling effect on reducing the fluidity of concrete. The mechanisms of metakaolin and steel fiber influencing the mechanical behavior of concretes are different. Generally, the steel fiber effects the cracking stage and the metakaolin influences the non-cracking stage in strain-stress curves.
    Flexural Performance and Early Desiccation Cracking Behavior of Cemented Soil Reinforced by Jute and PVA Fibers
    YAO Xin, XU Yaxing, DONG Xiaoqiang
    2021, 40(9):  2921-2929. 
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    Deep cemented soil mixing retaining wall has the characteristics of cement-based materials, including brittle failure, low tensile strength and flexural strength. The drying shrinkage due to temperature stress may lead to desiccation cracks, which may result in leakage and collapse. In this paper, the flexural performance and post-cracking performance of jute fiber and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber reinforced cemented soil were studied, as well as the effects of fibers on reducing desiccation cracks of cemented soil at early stage. The results show that with the increase of fiber content, the first crack flexural strength and peak flexural strength increase. In addition, the fiber has good results in improving the post-cracking performance of cemented soil. The residual flexural strength ratio, ductility index and toughness increase significantly with the increase of fiber content. The jute fiber is slightly better than PVA fiber in toughness, it is observed tiny difference between the two types of fibers with regard to other post-cracking index. Moreover, the digital image correlation method was used to study the effects of fibers on the early desiccation shrinkage cracks of cemented soil. The results indicate that the fiber significantly restrains the formation and propagation of desiccation cracks under dry conditions, reduces the width and quantity of cracks, and the effect is positively related to the fiber content.
    Preparation and Properties of Ultra-High Performance Concrete for Radiation Protection of Magnetite
    HAN Jianjun, LIAO Dang, XI Zhuangmin, TANG Haichao, DAI Chongyang, LYU Yajun, MIAO Zhuang
    2021, 40(9):  2930-2938. 
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    While the nuclear technology benefits mankind, it also produces nuclear radiation everywhere. However, the current ordinary radiation-proof concrete cannot completely meet the needs of safety protection. In this paper, based on the tightest packing theory, the ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) for radiation protection was prepared by replacing river sand with different proportions of magnetite, and its working performance, mechanical properties, microstructure, pore structure, and γ-ray shielding performance were studied. The results show that the fluidity and compressive strength of UHPC slightly decrease with the addition of magnetite, but the decline is small. As the replacement proportion of magnetite increases, the γ-ray shielding performance of UHPC is improved obviously. When the replacement proportion of magnetite is 100% (volume fraction), the linear attenuation coefficient of UHPC increases by 31.3%, while the half-value layer and ten-value layer all decrease by 23.8%. The addition of magnetite does not change the type of hydration products, but improves the pore structure of UHPC and effectively reduces its porosity.
    Influence of Sulfate on Mechanical Properties of Shaft Wall Concrete in Ultra-Deep Wells and Its Degradation Mechanism
    ZHAO Xiaohong, SHEN Yu, LIU Juanhong, GUO Zidong
    2021, 40(9):  2939-2947. 
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    In view of the severe service conditions of high temperature, high stress, high permeability and strong corrosion faced by concrete materials in deep underground engineering, this paper selects C70 imitation steel fiber reinforced concrete (C70-ISFRC) and high performance ultra-deep well wall concrete (HUC) as research objects to study the mechanical properties, failure forms and bursting liability of the two kinds of concrete under sulfate dry-wet cycle conditions. The degradation mechanism of C70-ISFRC and HUC were analyzed by SEM and EDS. The results show that with the progresses of sulfate dry-wet cycle, the mechanical properties of the two kinds of concrete increase first and then decrease, but the performance of HUC is more excellent than C70-ISFRC. In addition, the splitting tensile strength is more sensitive than the compressive strength under the condition of sulfate dry-wet cycle. The toughness of the two kinds of concrete become worse, but the copper plated steel fibers in HUC have better tensile properties than polypropylene imitation steel fibers, which make the HUC board “broken but complete”. In addition, the bursting liability of both kinds of concrete become stronger, but the bursting liability of HUC is weaker than C70-ISFRC. Under the condition of sulfate dry-wet cycle, the corrosion type of HUC is gypsum corrosion and the corrosion type of C70-ISFRC is AFt corrosion, which indicates that the expansion stress in concrete leads to the cracking of internal structure of concrete.
    Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Concrete under Drying-Wetting Cycles
    SHAO Huajian, LI Zongli, XIAO Shuaipeng, YAO Xiwang, ZHANG Ning
    2021, 40(9):  2948-2955. 
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    To reveal the deterioration mechanism of concrete under the action of drying-wetting cycles, the drying-wetting cycles tests of different strength grades of concrete was carried out, and the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, ultrasonic wave velocity, porosity, and other physical quantities of concrete were measured in the test process. The effect of drying-wetting cycles on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete was explored, and the relationship between concrete strength and pore structure was analyzed from the micro-scale. The results show that with the increase of drying-wetting cycles,the strength of concrete increases at the beginning, and then decreases. After 40 drying-wetting cycles, the relative compressive strength of C20, C30, C40 and C50 concrete decreased 13.33%, 12.47%, 8.45% and 6.58% respectively, and the relative splitting tensile strength decreased by 25.93%, 23.06%, 20.59% and 19.03% respectively, the relative splitting tensile strength is more obvious than the compressive strength attenuation. The ultrasonic velocity and ultrasonic amplitude show different variation laws, with the increase of drying-wetting cycles, the ultrasonic velocity increases first and then decreases, while the ultrasonic amplitude increases continuously. In drying-wetting cycle environment, with the increase of drying-wetting cycles, the porosity, total pore volume, average pore diameter, median pore diameter and most probable pore diameter of concrete samples decrease firstly and then increase. Finally, it shows the characteristics of pore coarsening,which is also the internal reason for the later loss of concrete strength.
    Reliability of Foam Concrete in Cold and Drought Environment of Northwest China
    LYU Xiangyu, ZHANG Shimin, SHI Fuzhou, LIU Wuwen, DING Wenhai
    2021, 40(9):  2956-2963. 
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    In order to study the actual service life of foam concrete in the cold and drought areas of Northwest China, 4 types of foam concrete with different mix ratios were designed. After standard curing for 28 d, the benchmark parameters were analyzed.Based on the field exposure test, the dynamic elastic modulus and quality of foam concrete were regularly nondestructively tested.And the damage mechanism and durability degradation process of specimens were analyzed from both macro and micro aspects based on the benchmark parameters of specimens. Finally, a life model was established through the Wiener degradation process. The results show that the strength, drying shrinkage and pore structure of foam concrete are related to the factors such as bulk density and cement content, and appropriate amount of slag and fly ash can optimize the pore structure of foam concrete and improve its durability. Under the combined effects of climatic environment and corrosive ions, the dynamic elastic modulus and quality evaluation parameters of 4 types of specimens all increase first and then decrease, and show different degrees of durability damage. The service lives of 4 types of specimens obtained by using the dynamic elastic modulus evaluation parameter as the durability degradation index of foam concrete are about 12 800 d, 14 100 d, 17 600 d and 16 000 d, respectively, and the lives obtained by using the quality evaluation parameter as the index are about 13 800 d, 15 000 d, 19 600 d and 16 000 d, respectively. The dynamic elastic modulus is more sensitive to the durability change of foam concrete.Comprehensively, when the amounts of cement, slag, fly ash lime and gypsum mixed in the foam concrete are 40.0%, 32.5%, 21.7%, 4.2%, 1.6% (mass fraction), the durability of specimens in the actual environment is better.
    Solid Waste and Eco-Materials
    Review on Application of Steel Slag Powder in Cement-Based Materials
    ZOU Min, SHEN Yu, LIU Juanhong
    2021, 40(9):  2964-2977. 
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    At present, the stacking of steel slag has caused serious environmental pollution and resource waste, so the utilization of steel slag resources is imminent. Using steel slag powder in cement-based materials can not only improve the utilization rate of solid waste resources, but also reduce the consumption of natural resources and reduce CO2 emission by acting as a substitute for cement. The physical and chemical properties, cementitious properties and active excitation modes of steel slag were introduced. The resource utilization of steel slag powder in concrete composite cementitious materials, solid waste cementitious materials, filling cementitious materials and dry mixed mortar was reviewed. The effect of steel slag powder on the properties of cement-based material was analyzed from the aspects of setting time, workability, mechanical properties, durability and volume stability. Adding proper amount of steel slag powder effectively improves the properties of cement-based materials, especially in regulating the workability of mixes and enhancing the durability. Finally, the existing problems of the application of steel slag powder in cement-based materials and the future research direction were proposed.
    Research Progress on Removal of Heavy Metal Ions by Chemically Modified Zeolite
    ZHOU Juanping, LI Xinyu, YANG Xu, HAN Shunyu, MENG Wan, JIANG Nanzhe
    2021, 40(9):  2978-2988. 
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    With the continuous development of industry, heavy metal pollution is deepening day by day, which seriously endangers human health. In recent years, chemically modified zeolite has been widely used in the field of heavy metal ions treatment because of its large specific surface area and strong ion exchange capacity. However, due to the use of acid, alkali, inorganic salts and organic reagents as modifiers in the chemical modification process, there are still some drawbacks in terms of energy consumption, cost and sustainable development. Therefore, it is of great significance and economic benefit to carry out the research on chemical modification methods of zeolite to make it simple, industrialized and green. In this paper, the methods of chemically modified zeolite were introduced from the structure level of zeolite, the excellent properties of magnetic zeolite and nanometer zeolite were analyzed, the application of modified zeolite in removing heavy metal ions was summarized, and the future development trend of the modified zeolite was prospected.
    Research on Preparation of Foamed Ceramics from Gold Tailings
    ZHU Jianping, YUE Hongzhi, BAI Rong, ZHU Junge, LI Hongda
    2021, 40(9):  2989-2997. 
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    China's gold tailings have a large amount of resources, and the comprehensive utilization of secondary resources in the field of construction materials has important economic value and environmental significance. Using gold tailings as main raw material and SiC as foaming agent, foamed ceramics were prepared at high temperature. The effects of sintering temperature, amount of gold tailings and particle size of raw materials on bulk density, true porosity and pore size of materials were studied by laser confocal microscope and XRD. The results show that with the increase of sintering temperature, the true porosity and pore diameter of the foamed ceramics increase, while the bulk density decreases. The true porosity and bulk density of the material decrease and increase with the increase of the amount of gold tailings, and increase and decrease with the decrease of the particle size of raw materials. The pore diameter decreases with gold tailings increase or particle size reduction of raw material. After optimization, foamed ceramics with good performance are prepared under the conditions of sintering temperature of 1 050 ℃, 50% of gold tailings, the average particle size of gold tailings D(50)=5.6 μm and the average particle size of SiC D(50)=3.0 μm.
    Fe3O4 and Fe Loaded Composites as Microwave Absorbents by Recycling of Gangue
    LI Guomin, SU Ningjing, ZHU Baoshun, LIANG Liping, TIAN Yuming
    2021, 40(9):  2998-3004. 
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    In order to realize the effective resource utilization of gangue, the Fe3O4 and Fe loaded ceramic composite microwave absorbent was designed and synthesized by recycling the gangue in this paper. The experiment mainly involved the pelletizing of gangue, loading precursor solution (Fe3+) and sintering process. Meanwhile, the phase composition and micro-structure of the as prepared sample were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It is found that the precursor solution is transformed into Fe3O4 and Fe after the decomposition reaction and carbothermal reduction reaction, in-situ loading on the gangue and exhibiting the ferromagnetic characteristic. Besides, the electromagnetic parameters are obtained through the vector network analyzer, and the microwave absorbing property is evaluated according to the transmission line theory. Furthermore, the FeG700 composite exhibits excellent electromagnetic absorbing ability, the effective absorption bandwidth reaches 4.1 GHz and the minimum reflection loss value reaches -20.1 dB correspondingly when the coating thicknesses is 1.5 mm, which is mainly benefited from the effective impedance match and attenuation characteristic. The novel method in this work is not only beneficial for the low-cost of microwave absorbents, but also provides a new avenue for the comprehensive utilization of gangue.
    Reaction Mechanism of Fly Ash in Alkali-Activated Slag/Fly Ash System
    YANG Da, PANG Laixue, SONG Di, LU Mingyang, WANG Jiabin, GUAN Zebin
    2021, 40(9):  3005-3011. 
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    With excellent mechanical properties and durability, alkali-activated cementitious material prepared by industrial solid waste is a kind of green inorganic cementitious material. Fly ash is essentially different from other solid waste because of its unique spherical microstructure, therefore, the reaction mechanism of fly ash in alkali-activated cementitious material needs to be studied. In this paper, slag and fly ash were used as raw materials to prepare cementitious materials by alkali activator. The compressive strength of the material was tested, and the hydration mechanism of alkali-activated slag/fly ash system was explored by XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The detailed effect of fly ash on alkali-activated slag/fly ash system and related mechanisms were investigated. The results show that, when 3% (mass fraction) NaOH is added as alkali activator, and the water-solid ratio is 0.4, with the decrease of fly ash content, the compressive strength first increases and then decreases. When m(slag):m(fly ash) is 4:1, 28 d compressive strength reaches the peak value of 37.1 MPa. Embedded microstructure of fly ash particles has different reaction degrees and sizes at different ages, which has a negative effect on the mechanical properties of the material. However, the activation degree of fly ash gradually increases with the extension of age, which has a continuous contribution to the later strength development. The hydration products of alkali-activated slag/fly ash system contain Friedel's salt, tobermorite, ettringite, C-S-H/C-A-S-H gel, and residual alpha quartz of fly ash. With the increase of fly ash content, the amount of tobermorite decreases, ettringite transforms into Friedel's salt, the production of ettringite decreases, and the production of Friedel's salt increases.
    Effects of Fillers on Compressive Strength of Sulfur Concrete
    LIN Wenwei, FEI Fan, LI Qunjie, OUYANG Dong
    2021, 40(9):  3012-3021. 
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    The optimized molding method was used to prepare the sulfur concrete samples by mixing fillers of cement, fly ash and slag, separately, and the effects of the type and content of fillers on the compressive strength of sulfur concrete were studied. The phase and micro morphology of filler and sulfur mixture were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The results show that the cement filler has the best effect on the compressive performance of sulfur concrete, and the compressive strength is 87.2 MPa by adding cement filler with the same quality as sulfur (S/F=1.0). There is no chemical reaction between filler and sulfur, and the filler is physically bonded to the sulfur matrix.
    Preparation of Filling Cementitious Materials with Wet Sorting Steel Slag Mud
    REN Chao, NI Wen, WANG Yonghua
    2021, 40(9):  3022-3028. 
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    Steel slag mud is the secondary waste slag from converter slag after wet grinding and magnetic separation, which has large storage and is difficult to realize large-scale resource utilization. Steel slag mud as the main raw material cooperating with other industrial solid wastes is used to prepare cementitious materials for mine filling. Orthogonal test of mixture ratio and mechanical property test of steel slag mud cementitious filling materialswere carried out. The hydration mechanism of cementitious materials based on steel slag mud was analyzed by XRD, SEM, FT-IR and other microscopic testing methods. The results show that when steel slag mud content (mass fraction, the same below) is 55%, slag content is 30%, desulfurization gypsum content is 15%, cement-sand mass ratio is 1:4 and slurry concentration is 72%, the 28 d compressive strength of filling materials is 4.78 MPa, which meets the requirements of working performance of mine filling materials. The hydration products of steel slag tailings are mainly C-S-H gel and AFt, and a small amount of Ca(OH)2. The amount of hydration products C-S-H gel and AFt crystal in the system increases obviously with the increase of hydration age.
    Optimized Design of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Incorporating Steel Slag Based on Multiple Response Approach
    FENG Yuan, YU Rui, FAN Dingqiang, ZENG Min, HU Fangjie, SHUI Zhonghe, WANG Siyu, LIU Kangning, TAN Junhui, WANG Wufeng
    2021, 40(9):  3029-3038. 
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    In order to achieve the composition optimization of eco-type UHPC and the improvement of the utilization rate of steel slag, using steel slag as auxiliary gelled material, the eco-type UHPC was prepared by D-optimal design method and establish the workability prediction model and the compressive strength prediction model to carry out multiple response analysis. With the help of the prediction model, the eco-type UHPC with low cement consumption and high steel slag utilization rate is designed to meet the requirements. The results show that the prediction model is reasonable and accurate. In the prediction model, superplasticizer and silica fume have a great influence on the workability, the interaction of cement, superplasticizer and steel slag have obvious influence on the workability and the addition of steel slag powder enhances the workability. The influences of silica fume and steel slag powder om compressive strength are significant, the interaction of cement and steel slag has little effect on compressive strength and the optimal value of compressive strength exists with the increase of steel slag powder. The optimal ratio of the eco-type UHPC realizes the substitution of steel slag for 30% (mass fraction) cement, and ensure the compressive strength above 130 MPa and the working performance above 260 mm.
    Effect of Polypropylene Fiber on Compression Behavior and Permeability of Cemented Construction Waste Slurry
    BAI Chuanzhen, JI Feng, XU Guizhong, SONG Miaomiao, ZHU Peng, WU Zhenwei
    2021, 40(9):  3039-3045. 
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    One-dimensional compression tests and permeability tests were conducted to investigate the effects of fibercontent (0% to 1.2%, mass fraction, the same below) and length (3 mm to 18 mm) on compression behavior and permeability of cemented construction waste slurry with high water content. The related mechanisms responsible for changes caused by addition of polypropylene fiber were discussed. The test results indicate that the addition of fiber induces a decrease in the volumetric strain and permeability coefficient of cemented construction waste slurry with 0.5% fiber. Meanwhile, the reduction in the volumetric strain decreases with the increase of the fiber length when the initial water content of tested specimen is 145%, and there is no significant influence of the fiber length on the volumetric strain of specimens with initial water content of 174%. On the other hand, an increase in the volumetric strain and permeability coefficient is observed for specimens with longer fiberthan short fiber (<12 mm) under the same external pressure as the fiber content increases to 1.2%. In this research, the appropriate fiber length and content is not more than 12 mm and 1.2%, respectively.
    Adsorption of Phenol on CTAB Modified Fe Pillared Bentonite
    SHU Shili, CHEN Wei, JIA Xianfeng, WANG Lei
    2021, 40(9):  3046-3052. 
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    In order to study the adsorption performance of phenolic wastewater by bentonite, the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) modified Fe pillared bentonite was prepared from sodium bentonite, which was pre-modified by hydroxyl-Fe pillared then modified by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The structure of modified bentonite was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The effects of adsorbent dosage, adsorption time, adsorption temperature, initial phenol concentration and pH value on the adsorption quantity were investigated, and the thermodynamics and kinetics laws of adsorption were discussed. The results show that the CTAB can insert into the interlayer and surface of the Fe pillared bentonite. When the adsorbent dosage is 3 g·L-1, adsorption time is 60 min, adsorption temperature is 25 ℃, initial phenol concentration is 300 mg·L-1, and pH value is 7, the phenol adsorption quantity is 29.7 mg·g-1. The adsorption process conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the isothermal adsorption curve can be described by the Freundlich model.
    Effect of Carbonation on Combined Treatment of Phosphorus andFluorine by Thermally Decomposed Dolomite
    WANG Lingkai, CHEN Dong, LIU Haibo, CHEN Tianhu, ZOU Xuehua, YU Yunqing
    2021, 40(9):  3053-3063. 
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    The preparation of a new type of adsorbent and its combined treatment of phosphorus and fluorine wastewater were studied. Using dolomite as raw material, after calcination and carbonation, the composition and morphology of the products were characterized by XRD, XRF, SEM, FTIR, etc. The effects of environmental parameters such as reaction time, initial phosphorus and fluorine concentration, solid-liquid ratio, pH value on the combined treatment of phosphorus and fluorine were investigated. The results show that with the increase of solid-liquid ratio, the residual fluoride concentration tends to be stable after decreasing. The removal kinetic offluoride ions follows the pseudo-second-order model (R2>0.967). The initial pH value of the solution has no significant effect on the experimental results. The Langmuir isotherm adsorption model can better describe the fluoride removal process. The mechanism of calcination-carbonation dolomite (CCD) combined treatment of phosphorus and fluorine is as follows: CCD reacts with phosphorus to form hydroxyapatite, and then OH- is replaced by F- to transform into fluoroapatite; at the same time, the dissolved Ca2+ and Mg2+ from CCD react with F- to form corresponding products.
    Ceramics
    Rapid Sintering Techniques of Advanced Ceramic Materials: A Review
    TAN Hua, NAN Bo, MA Weigang, GUO Xin, LIU Jing, YUAN Qi, YANG Tingwang, LU Wenlong, ZANG Jiadong, LI Haoyu, YAN Wenchao, ZHANG Shengwei, LU Ya, ZHANG Haibo
    2021, 40(9):  3064-3080. 
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    Rapid sintering technique has been a hot topic for many years due to it's advantages of saving extensive time and energy. In recent decades, rapid sintering techniques, such as spark plasma sintering, flash sintering, selective laser sintering, induction heating, microwave sintering and fast sintering with conventional sintering element, have been developed greatly and make the rapid sintering of advanced ceramic materials be possible. This article reviews the rapid sintering techniques and the sintering mechanisms during the fabrication of advanced ceramics over the past 20 years, and emphasizes on the effect of pulsed direct current and mechanical pressure on the microstructure, properties and sintering mechanisms during spark plasma sintering. This article also pointed out the development direction of rapid sintering techniques. On the one hand, it would be the further study of sintering mechanisms of rapid sintering techniques and the application of the sintering mechanisms to the industry production of advanced ceramics. One the other hand, to solve the problems of large scale and volume production in the industrialization of rapid sintering would be another development direction.
    Preparation of High-Chroma CoxM1-xAl2O4/Kaolin Composite Pigment via Solid-Phase Method
    ZHANG Anjie, TAO Wen, ZENG Huichong, WANG Naidi, MU Bin, QI Yanxing, LI Huaming
    2021, 40(9):  3081-3089. 
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    In this study, the low-cost and high-chroma CoxM1-xAl2O4/kaolin (M=Zn2+, Ca2+ or Mg2+) composite pigments were prepared by solid-phase method using kaolin, Co3O4, α-Al2O3 and metal oxides (ZnO, CaO or MgO) as raw materials. The effect of preparation conditions on the color properties of composite pigments was systematically investigated, including calcining temperature, grinding time, the added amounts and the types of different metal ions of Zn2+, Ca2+ or Mg2+. As the calcining temperature, grinding time and molar ratio of Co2+ to M2+ are 1 200 ℃, 12 h and 3:2, respectively, the as-prepared composite pigments present the best color performance (L*=53.68, a*=7.58, b*=-62.89). Furthermore, the color of composite pigments can be facilely adjusted by incorporating different metal elements. After incorporation of Ca2+, the obtained composite pigments present the blue color with a red hue, but CoxZn1-xAl2O4 composite pigments are blue with a green hue. Based on the relevant characterizations, the possible coloring mechanism was proposed. Due to the similar ion radius of the tetrahedrally coordinated Co2+ and Mg2+ or Zn2+, Mg2+ or Zn2+ can enter into the tetrahedrally coordinated sites of CoAl2O4 to substitute Co2+and form the solid solutions ofMgAl2O4-CoAl2O4 (or ZnAl2O4-CoAl2O4). However, the ion radius of Ca2+ is higher than that of Co2+, the introduction of Ca2+ led to forming the homogeneous mixtures of CaAl2O4 and CoAl2O4. Finally, the as-prepared composite pigments are incorporated into organosilicon heat-resistance coating, and the heat-resistance of coating is obviously improved.
    Effects of Deposition Temperature and Time on Photoluminescence Performance of Porous SiC Film
    LIU Canhui, TAO Weijie, TAO Yingxue, HE Zhenhua
    2021, 40(9):  3090-3097. 
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    In order to improve the photoluminescence (PL) performance of SiC, a three-layer structure porous SiC film was designed, the substrate was single crystal Si, the middle layer was the double pass anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template, and the top layer was SiC film. SiC film was deposited on AAO template by magnetron sputtering, the deposition temperature was 100 ℃ to 500 ℃, and the deposition time was 1 min to 30 min. The effect of deposition temperature and time on PL property of SiC was investigated. The results show that the SiC film is amorphous phase, and SiC is mainly deposited on the upper skeleton structure of AAO template. At the deposition temperature of 200 ℃ and deposition time of 1 min, the PL intensity of SiC is enhanced to 14.23 times of blank sample. PL of porous SiC film is mainly from the main peak of 2.3 eV and the secondary peak of 2.8 eV. The main PL peak may be caused by the O vacancy in Al2O3 and SiC intrinsic PL. The secondary PL peak maybe comes from O vacancy in SiO2. The magnetron sputtering processing combined with AAO template is suitable to the rapid industrial fabrication of porous SiC film.
    Band Gap Experimental and First-Principles Study on Mo doping Modification of Sodium Bismuth Titanate Ferroelectric Ceramics
    XIE Xiaoyu, LI Qingning, ZHOU Changrong, HU Chaohao, YUAN Changlai, XU Jiwen
    2021, 40(9):  3098-3104. 
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    To improve the ferroelectric photovoltaic characteristic of bismuth sodium titanate-based lead-free ceramics. The B-site Mo-doped Na0.5Bi0.5(Ti1-xMox)O3 (BNT-Mox, the value of x is 0 to 0.02) lead-free ferroelectric ceramic was synthesized by the conventional solid state reaction method. The optical band gap of the ceramic was researched by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, absorption spectroscopy, combining the calculations based on first-principles density functional theory (DFT). The experiment results show that with the increase of the content, the optical band gap decreases firstly and then increases. The minimum value of band gap is 2.33 eV when x=1% and the maximum value of light absorption intensity is 69%. The DFT calculation results of the band structure and density of states show that the band gap is shifted from indirect to direct mode by the Mo 4d orbit after the Mo doped, and led to the decrease of band gap. There is a competitive relationship between the impurity energy level caused by Mo doping and the Moss-Bolstein effect in band gap regulation, which could control the band structure of BNT effectively.
    Influence of HNO3 on Particle Size of AlOOH Sol Prepared by Sol-Gel Method
    DUAN Ning, ZHANG Xiangtai, LU Chenglong, ZHANG Yinfeng, LI Chongrui
    2021, 40(9):  3105-3113. 
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    To obtain an alumina filter membrane with a controllable pore size, AlOOH sol was prepared by the sol-gel method with aluminum isopropoxide used as the raw material and HNO3 as the peptizer. The influence of the amount of HNO3 on the particle size distribution of AlOOH colloidal particles was studied through nano-particle size analysis and Zeta potential measurement. The results show that when the ratio of HNO3 to aluminum isopropoxide R(n(HNO3):n(Al(C3H7O3)3)) is in the range of 0.2 to 0.7, the average particle size of the colloidal particles increases with the increase of R, from 66.69 nm (R=0.2) to 138.80 nm (R=0.7). The full width at half maxima (FWHM) of the particle size distribution of the colloidal particles increased from 144.62 nm to 267.74 nm. The reason for the increase of the particle size of AlOOH sol isŃt the agglomeration of particles, but the increase of the hydrolysis reaction constant of aluminum isopropoxide, which increases the total amount of the intermediate products per unit volume involved in the polycondensation reaction, thereby promoting the growth of AlOOH colloidal particles.
    Effect of Heat Treatment Atmosphere on the Crystallization Behavior of SiBON Ceramic Materials
    ZHANG Heng, WU Yun, LI Daoqian, LI Zhuolin, WANG Yiyang, WU Songsong, SUN Zhiyuan, WEN Guangwu
    2021, 40(9):  3114-3121. 
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    The crystallization phenomenon of fused silica ceramics in use has received much attention. In this paper, XRD, SEM, FT-IR and XPS were used to study the effects of phase structure, surface morphology and chemical bond on the crystallization behavior of SiBON ceramics. The results show that the precipitation of cristobalite can be effectively inhibited by sintering SiBON ceramics at 1 550 ℃ under the protection of nitrogen. In contrast, the crystallization inhibition effect of samples sintered at the same temperature in vacuum atmosphere is not significant. The phase composition of SiBON ceramics is amorphous SiBON, Si3N4, and BN. The mechanism of suppressing crystallization of SiBON ceramics is that the doping of B and N elements converts the Si—O—Si bonds in SiO2 into B—O—Si and Si—O—N bonds, and the resulting Si—B—O—N amorphous structure improves the SiO2 crystallization activation energy.
    Basic Properties and Application Evaluation of Clay in Rongchang Area
    CAO Tianyi, XIA Guanghua, CHENG Yue, LI Senlin
    2021, 40(9):  3122-3129. 
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    In order to scientifically exploit and utilize clay resources in Rongchang area, basic properties of Rongchang clay were tested by XRD, XRF, slice analysis and other analysis techniques, and the mineral properties of Rongchang clay were compared with those of other areas, so as to provide scientific basis for exploitation and utilization of the clay resources in Rongchang area. The results show that the clay in this area belongs to siliceous weathered sandy mud and shale rocks. The main chemical composition of clay is SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3, in which the SiO2 content is relatively high. The forming property is good through the basic formula pottery test. Quartz is the main crystal facies of the clay mine in this area, followed by kaolinite and muscovite. The sintering temperature range of single clay raw material is between 1 080 ℃ and 1 150 ℃. The water absorption of Gufoshan shale (1#), Rongchang white sand (2#), Rongchang white mud (3#) and Taodu two mine No.3 (8#) clay is close to 0%, which belongs to the state of porcelain or overburning, and has certain fluxibility. The water absorption of Guangfu yellow sand (5#), Taodu two mine No.1 (6#) and Taodu two mine No.2 (7#) clay is high, and most of them are sandy clay. The plasticity of the clay in this area is slightly lower than that of Yixing Zisha. In addition, the content of heavy metals in Rongchang clay is small, which is not enough to cause the damage of heavy metals dissolution in ceramic products.
    Shear Creep Behavior of Ceramics Adhesive Based on Cross-Bonded Method
    LIN Lichen, WAN Detian, LIU Xiaogen, LI Kai, BAO Yiwang, LI Yueming, SUN Yi
    2021, 40(9):  3130-3137. 
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    In this study, an adhesive shear creep test equipment was designed based on the cross-bonded method. Rigid epoxy resin and flexible silicone structural adhesive were selected for the shear creep test. The effects of ambient temperature, shear stress, bonding area on shear creep were investigated. The shear creep behavior of ceramics adhesive was analyzed and predicted by model fitting. The creep failure mode of these two kinds ceramics adhesives was also analyzed. The results show that the cross-bonded method is easy to operate and applicable to test the creep properties of the ceramics adhesive. The development of creep will be accelerated with the increase of the flexibility of the adhesive layer, the ambient temperature and the shear stress, but the bonding area has little effect on the creep rate. The creep failure mode of rigid epoxy resin adhesive is adhesive layer cohesive failure and interface debonding, which is in accord with the time-harden model. The creep failure mode of flexible silicone structural adhesive is adhesive layer cohesive failure, which is in accord with Burgers model.
    Glass
    Crystallization Phase Change and Mechanical Properties Characterization of LAS Glass-Ceramics after Ion Exchange
    HAN Han, PENG Ruixin, LI Xiaofan, ZHAO Huifeng, JIANG Hong, MA Yanping
    2021, 40(9):  3138-3144. 
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    The Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 (LAS) glass-ceramics is a practical glass-ceramics system with high performance. In this experiment, Li2O, Al2O3 and SiO2 were used as main raw materials, and the glass-ceramics with petalite as the main crystal phase was prepared by integral crystallization method, and then it was chemically strengthened by salt bath at low temperature for ion exchange. The surface morphology and mechanical properties of chemically strengthened LAS glass-ceramics were studied by X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope. The results show that after chemical strengthening, the crystallization phase disappeares on the surface of glass-ceramics in this system, and the Vickers hardness decreases significantly, while bending strength increases. After strengthening for 10 h, an amorphous layer of 740 nm appeared on the surface, and the maximum bending strength reached 472 MPa.
    Preparation of Ge20Sb10Se65Te5 Chalcogenide Glass and Impurity Removal Mechanism of Ti Wire
    ZHANG Baodong, XU Junfeng, CHANG Fang'e
    2021, 40(9):  3145-3151. 
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    To investigate the preparation technology of Ge-Sb-Se-Te chalcogenide glass and Ti wire impurity removal mechanism, Ge20Sb10Se65Te5 chalcogenide glass was prepared by salt bath quenching technology. The structure, infrared transmittance, characteristic temperature and thermal expansion coefficient of the glass were tested. The crystallization activation energy of Ge20Sb10Se65Te5 glass was analyzed by Kissinger and Augis-Bennett theories. The results show that the sample has an amorphous structure with glass transition temperature of T<sub>g=531 K (the heating rate is 10 K/min). The crystallization activation energy obtained by Kissinger and Augis-Bennett theories is fitted as 115.74 kJ/mol and 131.53 kJ/mol, respectively. The oxygen impurities in the glass sample are effectively removed by the method of Ti wire removal, and the glass sample has good infrared transmission performance. Finally, the residual materials on Ti wire surface were detected. Thermal expansion analysis shows that with the increase of heating rate, the expansion of glass at the yield point and softening point increase, which explains why a quartz container often cracks at rapidly heating rate.
    Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on Microstructure of Fe-Ni Alloy Film and Properties of Coated Glass
    CAO Wenlong, HUANG Youqi, ZANG Shuguang, ZU Chengkui, OU Yingchun, LIU Chaoying, XU Shaokun, YANG Youran
    2021, 40(9):  3152-3158. 
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    In order to study the morphology of Fe-Ni alloy films and properties of coated glass at different heat treatment temperatures, the Fe-Ni alloy film is deposited on the glass substrate by vacuum electron beam heating evaporation technology. The structure of the film was analyzed by polycrystalline X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Then the optical properties, electromagnetic properties, and electromagnetic shielding properties of the coated glass were tested.The results show that as the heat treatment temperature increases, the crystallinity of the films is better, and the body-centered cubic crystal phase gradually precipitates, which has the preferred orientation in (110) direction. Pores appear in the films when the heat treatment temperature is too high. The influence of heat treatment temperature on the haze of the coated glass is less than 1%, but the visible light transmittance, surface sheet resistance, and relative permeability of the coated glass show a certain change with the change of heat treatment temperature. The shielding effectiveness of Fe-Ni alloy coated glass is more than 30 dB in the low-frequency electromagnetic waveband below 30 MHz, and the highest is 55 dB at 14 kHz. It is a preferred material for low-frequency electromagnetic shielding.
    Road Materials
    Comparative Analysis of Viscosity Characteristic of Rubber Asphalt with Different Preparation Methods
    LI Peilong, WANG Xiao, SUN Shengfei, MA Yunfei
    2021, 40(9):  3159-3167. 
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    In order to clarify the influence of preparation methods and process conditions on the viscosity characteristic of rubber asphalt, it was prepared by high-speed shear and mechanical mixing under different preparation temperature, preparation time, rubber powder particle size and rubber powder content. The viscosity variation trend and viscosity composition differences of rubber asphalt between the two preparation systems were compared and analyzed. The Arrhenius equation was used to calculate the viscous flow activation energy (Eη) of two kinds of rubber asphalt, and the difference of viscous flow characteristics and temperature sensitivity was explored. The results show that the viscosity of rubber asphalt of the two preparation systems first increases and then reduces with the increase of preparation temperature, preparation time and the decrease of rubber powder particle size, and the viscosity of shear rubber asphalt is higher than that of mixing system at 135 ℃, 150 ℃ and 165 ℃, but it presents the opposite rule at 180 ℃. With the increase of the amount of rubber powder, the viscosity of the two systems increases, and the viscosity of the mixing system is always greater than that of the shear system. The viscous flow activation energy of shear system is larger than that of mixing system, which indicates that the viscosity of shear system rubber asphalt mainly comes from rubber powder/asphalt interaction, and the shear rubber asphalt is more sensitive to temperature, while the viscosity of mixing rubber asphalt mainly comes from the steric effect of rubber powder and the stability is better than that of the shear system.
    Preparation Process of Rubber Modified Asphalt Based on Storage Stability
    YANG Desheng, GUO Hao
    2021, 40(9):  3168-3176. 
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    To prepare rubber modified asphalt with high storage stability, asphalt was composite modified with SBS, aromatic oil, TOR, stabilizer and rubber powder based on high temperature mixing process. The preparation method of rubber modified asphalt was proposed. The influence of modifiers on the general performance and rheological properties of asphalt were analyzed. The dispersion effect of the modifier in the asphalt was observed by the fluorescence test. The results show that the high temperature performance of asphalt is improved by adding 40 mesh (380 μm) rubber powder with a mass fraction of 25%. Storage stability of rubber asphalt is improved by shearing at 180 ℃ for 60 min to 90 min and then swelling 60 min. The degree of swelling and dispersion of rubber powder are improved by adding compatibilizers and stabilizers, and different modifiers have a synergistic effect on the asphalt performance. Composite modified asphalt has good elastic recovery ability and deformation resistance in high temperatures. The swelling degree and dispersion uniformity of rubber powder and SBS in asphalt are the direct factors to affect the general performance and storage stability of asphalt.
    Research on Performance of Graphene Composite Rubber Modified Asphalt Pavement
    LEI Runxiang, WANG Yongji, ZHANG Fukui
    2021, 40(9):  3177-3184. 
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    In this paper, the performance of graphene composite rubber modified asphalt (GRA) pavement was studied based on the engineering example of the Liu-Dun highway test section in Gansu province. The performance of GRA was analyzed by routine tests, multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test and other methods, and the road performance of GRA mixtures was also studied. The results show that compared with SBS modified asphalt, the penetration of GRA is reduced by 12.7%, the softening point, high temperature stability and high temperature resistance to deformation are equivalent, and the resistance to stress deformation and stress sensitivity are improved.Compared with rubber SBS modified asphalt, GRA has an increase in softening point of 14.1%, elastic recovery by 6.5%, equivalent penetration, high temperature stability and high temperature resistance to deformation. Compared with SBS modified asphalt mixture, GRA has better road performance. The on-site mixture is easier to compact, and has less water seepage and higher strength, but the structure depth is reduced.