Table of Content

Volume 44 Issue 11
15 November 2025

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Review

A Review on Crack Self-Healing of Ultra-High Performance Concrete and Its Active Modulations

ZHENG Qiaomu, LI Wenting, REN Qiang, ZHANG Hongen, DONG Biqin, JIANG Zhengwu

2025, 44(11):  3891-3902.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0802

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Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is an advanced type of cement-based materials with promising self-healing potential of the cracks. This paper first summarizes the current self-healing technologies for cement-based materials. Then, it analyzes the kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics of crack self-healing in UHPC. Finally, it discusses the approaches and mechanisms for active modulation of the UHPC self-healing behaviors. Based on the ongoing research progress and challenges in UHPC crack self-healing research, future research perspectives are proposed.

Research Progress of Self-Healing Artificial Aggregate Concrete

JIANG Jincheng, LIU Jing, ZHANG Tong, LIANG Yueyao, DONG Biqin, FANG Guohao

2025, 44(11):  3903-3915.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0775

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The depletion of natural sand and gravel aggregates and the insufficient durability of concrete structures present dual challenges that constrain the sustainable development of modern civil engineering. Self-healing artificial aggregate concrete (SHAAC) provides a green solution for the industry by recycling solid waste. SHAAC achieves autonomous crack repair through the encapsulation of healing agents. Combining the advantages of extended service life and reduced maintenance costs, SHAAC is positioned as a significant direction for the development of intelligent building materials. This paper systematically reviewed the latest research progress in the field of SHAAC, summarized the core design concepts and preparation processes of self-healing artificial aggregates. The self-healing processes and their synergistic effects were analyzed in depth. Furthermore, the self-healing effectiveness of SHAAC were comprehensively evaluated, focusing on the mechanical property recovery, crack healing effectiveness, and durability enhancement. Finally, this paper discussed the key challenges currently faced, including triggering precision, long-term stability of remediation efficiency, adaptability to complex environments and cost effectiveness, and outlined future research directions and application prospects.

Research Progress on Theory and Technology of Carbon Mineralization for Solid Waste-Based Materials

MA Zihan, XIAO Shunmin, JIANG Yi, GU Zhenjiang, SHEN Peiliang, POOM Chisun

2025, 44(11):  3916-3933.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0787

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The resource utilization of solid waste is a crucial pathway for promoting the construction of “zero-waste cities”. Carbon mineralization technology not only enables the capture and sequestration of CO₂ but also enhances the reactivity of solid waste and improves its applicability in the construction materials sector. This paper focuses on the resource utilization of solid waste-based materials, and systematically reviews the current theoretical research progress and technological development status of carbon mineralization solid waste-based materials. It focuses on the latest research results of dissolution-precipitation mechanism in carbon mineralization process, as well as the classification characteristics of typical solid waste components and their carbon mineralization reactivity. The emerging technical paths of carbon mineralization of solid waste-based materials based on water regulation, mass transfer enhancement and bionic strategies are further summarized. Finally, it is proposed that future research should consider the energy consumption level, product stability and engineering application prospects while improving carbon mineralization efficiency and product performance, so as to promote the development of carbon mineralization technology in the direction of high efficiency, low carbon and sustainability.

Research Progress on Phosphogypsum-Based Solid Waste Alkali-Activated Cementitious Materials

YANG Jingxian, MA Liping, HE Binbin, WU Zhangyu, SHE Wei

2025, 44(11):  3934-3946.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0754

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The massive stockpiling of industrial solid waste phosphogypsum, and its associated environmental pollution have become severe challenges. Simultaneously, the high energy consumption and emissions of the traditional cement production increasingly conflicts with China's "Dual Carbon" strategic goals. Developing phosphogypsum-based solid waste alkali-activated cementitious materials to partially replace cement offers an effective pathway to simultaneously address these issues. In this paper, based on the physicochemical characteristics of phosphogypsum, systematically elucidates the cementation hardening mechanisms of phosphogypsum-based solid waste alkali-activated cementitious materials; reviews and compares the characteristics of representative phosphogypsum-based solid waste alkali-activated cementitious systems; and summarizes the current application status and future potential of these materials in engineering fields such as road base layers and fill applications. The research aims to provide theoretical support and technical references for producing high-performance, high-value-added, and environmentally friendly engineering materials from phosphogypsum.

Axial Compression Performance of Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) Strengthened Concrete Columns: a State-of-the-Art Review

LANG Wenli, LIANG Meng, XU Fenghui, WANG Peng, XIE Qun

2025, 44(11):  3947-3963.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0626

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To enhance the mechanical properties and durability of concrete columns, a systematic investigation was conducted on the optimization methods and influencing mechanisms of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) strengthening technology. Based on a comprehensive review of recent research progress in ECC, the fiber reinforcement mechanisms have been explained from both microstructural and macro-mechanical perspectives. Through comparative analysis of domestic and international research achievements, the influences of critical factors including concrete substrate strength, ECC strength, types of interface agents, and interface roughness on the bonding performance between normal concrete and ECC strengthening layers were summarized. The failure modes, peak load, and ductility of ECC strengthened concrete columns were analyzed with respect to key parameters, including column cross-sectional dimensions, concrete substrate strength, ECC layer thickness, and stirrup spacing. Furthermore, a comparative evaluation of existing typical analytical models was performed, providing references for engineering design and theoretical analysis.

Extreme Environment Engineering Materials

Salt Corrosion Resistance and Failure Mechanism of Manufactured Sand Concrete in Saline Soil Environment of Northwest China

ZHANG Yunsheng, TIAN Haozheng

2025, 44(11):  3964-3979.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0725

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In response to the depletion of natural river sand resources and the demand for solid waste utilization, manufactured sand has increasingly become a key raw material for producing low-carbon concrete. Focusing on the Northwest China, this study investigated manufactured sand concrete (MSC) as the research object, and designed a laboratory acceleration erosion simulation system to simulate the environmental characteristics of saline soil by investigating the typical environmental characteristics of Northwest China. The macroscopic performance deterioration of MSC under erosion simulation system was systematically examined, along with the synergistic compatibility effect of granite powder (GP) and concrete erosion inhibitor (CEI). Through raw material characterization combined with microstructural analyses including isothermal calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), the formation characteristics of erosion products and the mechanisms of microstructural failure were elucidated. The results indicate that 5% (mass fraction) CEI exhibits a time-dependent hydration regulation effect within the cementitious system (the cumulative heat release at 72 h is 169.87 J·g^-1). 5% CEI and 10% (mass fraction) GP show good corrosion resistance in MSC at the later stage of erosion, with a mass loss of 2.98%. The pore structure, erosion products and microstructure tests show that internal expansion stress is the primary cause of performance degradation after erosion. Through the comprehensive analysis of macro performance and micro mechanism, this study provides important experimental data and technical support for the application of MSC in saline soil environment of Northwest China.

Effect of Polar Marine Environment on Mechanical Properties of GFRP Bars

HUANG Heng, WANG Yan, LI Wenjun, ZHANG Shaohui, LI Zhaoguang, LI Aoyang

2025, 44(11):  3980-3989.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0844

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With the continuous advancement of China's “Polar Silk Road”, research on polar infrastructure has become one of the key development directions in the field of civil engineering. In this paper, considering the characteristics of the polar construction environment, four typical working conditions (room temperature seawater immersion, low-temperature air freezing, low-temperature seawater salt freezing, and low-temperature seawater freeze-thaw cycle) were selected to simulate the polar marine environment. The tensile strength, interlayer shear strength, and failure modes of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) under different erosion conditions were systematically investigated, and changes in chemical composition and microstructure of GFRP after erosion were analyzed. The results show that GFRP maintains a dense structure at low temperatures, but increased brittleness leads to more severe damage. Under both low-temperature air freezing and low-temperature seawater salt freezing conditions, the tensile strength of GFRP increases significantly by 10% to 20%, and the interlayer shear strength improves by 5% to 15%. XRD analysis indicates that the low-temperature environment effectively inhibits resin hydrolysis, thereby considerably slowing down the penetration of chloride ions into the fiber interior and significantly reducing the extent of chloride-induced erosion of GFRP.

Performance Degradation of GFRP Bars under Erosion of Key Ions in Pore Solution of Seawater and Sea-Sand Concrete

JIN Zuquan, WANG Hong, PANG Bo, ZHAO Lingling, XU Mingfei, SHEN Ao

2025, 44(11):  3990-3999.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0762

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To clarify the deterioration mechanism of resin and fibers in fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)bars under the erosion of key ions in the pore solution of seawater and sea-sand concrete (SSC), this paper investigated the performance deterioration laws of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars in water, NaCl solution, KOH solution, Ca(OH)₂ solution, NaOH solution, and simulated SSC pore solution. Through contact angle tests, tensile and shear strength tests, μ-XRF, and SEM analysis, the mechanical properties, ion erosion depth, and microstructure evolution of epoxy resin and GFRP bars in different corrosion environments were systematically explored. The results show that the deterioration process of GFRP bars can be divided into two stages: initial cracking and expansion of the resin and subsequent etching of the fibers. Corrosive ions have a significant impact on the performance of GFRP bars under high-temperature conditions, with OH^- concentration having the greatest effect (NaOH solution with a pH value of 13.4 reduces GFRP bars tensile strength by 43.4%), followed by Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and K⁺ (at pH=12.4, the tensile strength loss rates in NaOH, Ca(OH)₂, and KOH solutions are 31.6%, 29.2%, and 22.7%, respectively). High-temperature distilled water can also cause slight corrosion of GFRP bars, mainly due to the microcracks generated after the resin reaches the glass transition temperature.

Chloride Transport Performance at New-to-Old Concrete Interfaces with Controlled Roughness

ZHAO Jianghang, CHEN Banghui, HAN Huixuan, XU Jun

2025, 44(11):  4000-4027.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0704

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Interface roughness and chloride transport at the new-to-old concrete interface are key factors governing the interface performance of precast concrete structures. In this paper, the fractal dimension was used as the overall roughness index, combined with the four sub-indexes of root mean square height (RMS), standard deviation (S_td), correlation-length and Hurst coefficient. The two-dimensional Gaussian surface was generated by Fourier transform, and the random-number matrix assignment was used to repeatedly construct 1 000 times. The comprehensive evaluation model of roughness was established by linear regression and multiple weight methods, and the influences of different roughness interfaces on chloride ion transport and corrosion behavior of rebars were analyzed by numerical simulation system. The results show that when RMS increase from 0.6 to 1.8,the time for chloride concentration at the rebar to reach the critical value of 0.4% (mass fraction) increases from 107 d to 120 d; when S_td increase from 0.6 to 1.8, this time for chloride concentration at the rebar to reach the critical value of 0.4% (mass fraction) increases from 108 d to 121 d, which shows that the increase of roughness significantly slows down the chloride ion penetration and corrosion rate. Overall, curved interface exhibits significantly stronger resistance to chloride ion erosion than plane interface. The higher the interface roughness between new-to-old concrete, the stronger the resistance of rebars to chloride ion erosion, and the structural durability and safety are significantly improved. The research results provide an important basis for the design of controllable roughness interface, the correction of life prediction model and the improvement of concrete structure durability theory.

Performance Regulation and Sulfate Erosion Mechanism of Low-Heat and Low-Shrinkage Coral Aggregate Seawater Concrete

DA Bo, CHEN Yixiao, HAN Yudong, QING Jiajun, YU Hongfa

2025, 44(11):  4028-4036.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0681

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To address the issues of high cementitious material consumption, susceptibility to thermal cracks and drying shrinkage cracks, and accelerated performance degradation in high-strength coral aggregate seawater concrete (CASC) under tropical island and reef environments, this study investigated the preparation and mechanical properties of low-heat CASC and low-shrinkage CASC with different strength grades. The heat release, shrinkage, and impermeability characteristics were elucidated, and the failure modes and evolution mechanisms of mechanical properties of low-heat CASC and low-shrinkage CASC were revealed. The results indicate that replacing 10% (mass fraction) of cement with coral powder reduces the heat release of CASC by 5.4%, while incorporating "expansive agent + superabsorbent polymer" reduces shrinkage by 10%. The impermeability grade of C30 low-shrinkage CASC is P14, and the impermeability grades of C55 low-heat CASC and low-shrinkage CASC are P16 and P17, respectively. Sulfate has a promoting and early strengthening effect on the CASC hydration process. The addition of "expansive agent + superabsorbent polymer" not only improves the shrinkage resistance of CASC, but also reduces its brittleness and enhances mechanical properties, whereas coral powder only mitigates brittleness.

Foam Stabilization Mechanism of Self-Assembled Nanofiber and Its Effect on Foamed Concrete Performance

WANG Haotian, DU Zhenxing, ZHANG Siyuan, WU Ruikai, CHENG Fanghong

2025, 44(11):  4037-4047.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0776

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Foamed concrete faces challenges in ultralight design and functionalization due to poor foam stability, which causes defective pore structures. This study innovatively utilized cocamidopropyl betaine (CAB) to induce self-assembled sodium stearate (SS) in aqueous solutions, forming a three-dimensional nanofiber network. Foam stability tests, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization confirm that the three-dimensional nanofiber network significantly enhances liquid film strength and system viscoelasticity, achieves an ultra-stable foam with about 2.10% volume loss over 120 h and a reduced average bubble diameter of 12.22 μm at 2.00% (mass fraction) SS nanofiber concentration. Using this foam as a template, ultralight foamed concrete with a density of 60 kg/m³ is successfully prepared, exhibiting a low thermal conductivity of 0.056 W/(m·K)—a 52.14% reduction compared to conventional 200 kg/m³ foamed concrete—with a superior insulation property confirmed by thermal imaging. Compression tests reveal that the foamed concrete material exhibits a polymer-like foam densification behavior. The compressive strength decreases with the decrease of density (0.012 MPa at a density of 60 kg/m³). However, the nanofiber network enhances mechanical response by suppressing crack propagation. Fire resistance testing (1 000 ℃ flame burning for 2 min) demonstrates the formation of a sintered protective layer on the surface of the foamed concrete specimen, accompanied by ~10% volume shrinkage. This work proposes an industrially viable integrated strategy combining foam stabilization and multifunctionalization to develop foamed concrete with ultralight, thermal insulation, and fire resistance.

Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Coupling Characteristics of Fly Ash Subgrade in Condition of Unidirectional Freezing

HUI Yingxin, GU Shizhou, GUO Jukun, ZHENG Liyang, CHEN Wei, DONG Xuguang

2025, 44(11):  4048-4059.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0454

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Frost heave is a key factor contributing to subgrade damage in seasonally frozen regions. To investigate the changes of internal temperature, water content and frost heave force of fly ash subgrade in seasonally frozen areas, the one-dimensional soil column consolidation test equipment developed independently was used to carry out the unidirectional freezing test of fly ash column. A thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupling model for fly ash subgrade was established to analyze the migration patterns of water and temperature, inside fly ash column and the change characteristics of frost heave force during the freezing process. The results show that the internal temperature changes of fly ash subgrade can be divided into three stages based on the cooling rate: rapid freezing, transitional freezing and steady freezing. As freezing time increases, the freezing front progressively descends, and a sharp water variation occurs at freezing front. Finite element software simulations effectively simulate the frost heave displacement and the transfer processes of temperature and water observed in the test. The specimen is divided into frozen zone, actively freezing zone and unfrozen zone. By the end of the test, the actively freezing zone significantly expands, while the frozen zone gradually stabilizes. The damage to the subgrade is characterized by the ice content during freezing process, showing that damage is primarily concentrated at the surface of the subgrade, and the closer to the interior of the subgrade, the smaller the damage degree. In this paper, the change of frost heave displacement of fly ash subgrade in long-term service in seasonal frozen area is simulated, and the mechanism of interaction between internal water content and temperature is explained.

Dynamic Compressive Properties of High Strength and High Ductility Engineered Cementitious Composites

ZHAO Yu, GU Lixin, SHEN Guanghai, ZHU Lingli

2025, 44(11):  4060-4070.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0423

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In order to study the performance of high-performance cementitious materials under extreme environments, this study systematically investigated the dynamic compression performance of high strength and high ductility engineered cementitious composites (HS-ECC) under cyclic impact loading using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) device, focusing on the effects of different impact velocities and steel fiber volume doping on the dynamic compression performance. The results show that, HS-ECC specimens with steel fibers doping of 0.6%(volume fraction) are damaged after six cyclic impacts with an impact velocity of 5 m/s, and the strain rate of HS-ECC specimens increases with the increase of the number of impacts. Dynamic compressive strength, strain rate and impact toughness all increase significantly with impact velocity. Steel fiber doping significantly improves the impact ultimate load carrying capacity and the toughness of HS-ECC, when the content of steel fiber increases from 0% to 0.6%, the dynamic compressive strength of the specimen increases by 23.4%, and the dynamic impact toughness of the specimen increases by 52.9%, which fully proves that the content of steel fiber has a positive regulatory effect on the dynamic mechanical properties of HS-ECC. HS-ECC has a wide range of application prospects in the field of anti-explosive and anti-impact areas, such as the extreme environment of military protection or the protection wall of the nuclear power plant.

Composite Effect of Calcium Nitrate and Citric Acid on Hydration Process of Ferroaluminate Cement

LI Runkang, LIAO Yishun, FENG Dengyu, ZHOU Qi, LI Wenhua, LI Lingyun

2025, 44(11):  4071-4079.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0684

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In order to realize the rapid development of early strength of ferroaluminate cement-based materials and avoid excessive setting, this study investigated the effect of calcium nitrate and citric acid compound on the hydration process and physical-mechanical properties of ferroaluminate cement. Through the analysis and test of hydration heat, resistivity, fluidity, setting time, compressive strength, hydration products and pore solution conductivity, the mechanism of action of different citric acid content on the hydration of ferroaluminate cement was discussed. The results show that when calcium nitrate and citric acid are mixed, with the increase of citric acid content, the fluidity of cement paste increases significantly, the setting time is gradually prolonged, the hydration heat release rate and resistivity increase rate decrease, and the conductivity of pore solution is significantly higher than that of the control sample. When the content of citric acid increases from 0.1% (mass fraction) to 0.3%, the 28 d compressive strength of hardened cement paste decreases from 54.0 MPa to 49.0 MPa, and the formation of ettringite (AFt) decreases significantly.

Effects of Mineral Admixtures on Rheological Properties of Calcium Aluminate Cement Slurry with Low Water-Binder Ratio

LIU Fangning, LIU Jian, LYU Liangsheng

2025, 44(11):  4080-4091.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0435

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Calcium aluminate cement has the advantages of high early strength and excellent fire resistance, and is widely used in emergency rescue and high temperature environment. The rheological properties of calcium aluminate cement are very important for on-site construction. In this study, granulated blast furnace slag powder and silica fume were added to prepare calcium aluminate cement composite slurry (hereinafter referred to as slurry), and its rheological properties were measured. The influence mechanism of granulated blast furnace slag powder and silica fume on rheological properties was studied by measuring Zeta potential, hydration heat, low field nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation signal, water film thickness and flocculation structure. The results show that the effect of granulated blast furnace slag powder on the yield stress of slurry is obvious within 10%(mass fraction), while the effect of silica fume on the yield stress of slurry is not obvious. With the increase of the content of granulated blast furnace slag powder, the plastic viscosity value of the slurry increases significantly, and with the increase of the content of silica fume, the plastic viscosity value of the slurry decreases gradually. Granulated blast furnace slag powder can accelerate hydration and enhance the signal of gel pore peak. After adding silica fume, the relaxation signal intensity is significantly enhanced, the total porosity is reduced, and the pore structure is optimized. The presence of granulated blast furnace slag powder and silica fume significantly reduces the Zeta potential value and electrical conductivity of the slurry. Silica fume can reduce the amount of flocculated structure and improve the state of slurry accumulation, so as to release more excess water in the system and increase the thickness of water film, while granulated blast furnace slag powder is the opposite.

Green Low-Carbon Engineering Materials

Influences of Brick-Concrete Coarse Aggregate Gradation and Content on Properties of Cement Stabilized Materials

CHEN Hengwu, DU Junpeng, WANG Hongtai, ZENG Siqing, YANG Donglai, ZHANG Tongsheng, WEI Jiangxiong, YU Qijun

2025, 44(11):  4092-4102.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0808

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Improving the resource utilization of construction waste is of great significance for reducing environmental load and promoting the development of green building materials. In this paper, the comprehensive performance of cement stabilized materials was improved by optimizing the gradation and content of brick-concrete coarse aggregate. The effects of single-size gradation (S), binary-size gradation (B), triple-size gradation (T) and relative volume fraction (34.7%~68.4%) of brick-concrete coarse aggregate on the mechanical properties, volume stability and water stability of cement stabilized materials were studied. The results show that the 7 d unconfined compressive strength of cement stabilized materials prepared with triple-size gradation (T) brick-concrete coarse aggregate consistently is above 4.0 MPa, and the dry shrinkage coefficient at 31 d is as low as 31.0×10^-6/%. When the relative volume fraction of brick-concrete coarse aggregate is 54.7%, the cement stabilized materials exhibit the best overall performance, with a 7 d unconfined compressive strength of 4.1 MPa and a 28 d water stability coefficient of 78.7%. Optimizing the aggregate gradation enhances the mechanical interlocking between neighboring coarse aggregates, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the cement stabilized materials.The relative volume fraction of brick-concrete coarse aggregate determines the skeleton structure of the cement stabilized materials, and comprehensive performance of cement stabilized materials with skeleton-dense structure is the best. These findings provide theoretical basis and technical guidance for the mix proportion design optimization of recycled cement stabilized materials.

Elucidating Reactivity Origins of Amorphous Phases and Innovative Design in Low-Carbon Cementitious Materials: Insights from Solid-State NMR

NIE Shuai, YAO Jun, WANG Fazhou

2025, 44(11):  4103-4112.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0751

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The development of highly reactive and low-carbon cementitious materials is a critical pathway for reducing CO₂ emissions and promoting green transformation in the cement industry. In this study, the intrinsic origin and formation mechanism of amorphous structural reactivity in low-carbon cementitious materials were systematically elucidated based on ²⁷Al and ²⁹Si solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results reveal that in CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ glass phases derived from rapidly quenched industrial wastes, the primary source of reactivity stems from the depolymerization of the silicate network induced by Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, while the partial substitution of Ca²⁺ by Mg²⁺ leads to local structural perturbations around Al³⁺, representing a secondary reactivity mechanism. In contrast, the reactivity of calcined aluminosilicate clays arises from the presence and transformation of multi-coordinated Al species during thermal activation, with highly distorted five-coordinated Al serving as the main reactive structural unit. Based on these findings, a "reactivity integration" design strategy is proposed by co-calcining calcium carbonate and clay to simultaneously activate the silicate depolymerization and the formation of multi-coordinated Al. The structural evolution underlying this integration mechanism is confirmed by ²⁷Al and ²⁹Si solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. Complementary rapid-relevant-reliable(R³) reactivity and mechanical performance tests further demonstrate the enhanced early-age reactivity and long-term strength development of the integrated system. This study establishes a coherent design pathway from atomic-scale structural insights to multi-source reactivity integration, offering a new theoretical foundation and practical strategy for the development of low-carbon cementitious materials.

Mechanical Properties and Carbon Sequestration Characteristics of Biochar-Enhanced CO₂ Foamed Concrete

FAN Dingqiang, LYU Xuesen, LU Jianxin, GUO Binglin, POON Chisun

2025, 44(11):  4113-4122.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0718

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To promote the low carbonation of construction materials, this study proposed a design approach for biochar-enhanced CO₂ foamed concrete, systematically investigating its mechanical, thermal, and carbon-reduction performances, as well as elucidating the influence and role of biochar on carbonation curing. Results demonstrate that the porous structure and high specific surface area of biochar significantly improve CO₂ transfer and interfacial reactivity, thereby accelerating carbonation reactions and enhancing both carbonation depth and CO₂ sequestration efficiency. Furthermore, 5% (mass fraction) biochar incorporation increases the compressive strength of foamed concrete by up to 15%, while simultaneously reducing thermal conductivity, thereby improving thermal insulation performance. In addition, through a "negative-carbon material+carbon reduction substitution+active carbon sequestration" tri-fold carbon mitigation strategy, at a 10% (mass fraction) biochar replacement level, the unit carbon footprint of the foamed concrete decreases by approximately 60.6%. This study elucidates the mechanisms by which biochar enhances the performance and carbon sequestration of CO₂ foamed concrete, providing both theoretical and experimental support for the development of green, low-carbon construction materials.

Experimental Study on Printability of 3D-Printed Yellow River Sand-Based Engineered Cementitious Composites

HUI Yongjun, ZHANG Junjie, ZHANG Ge, YUAN Chengfang

2025, 44(11):  4123-4131.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0520

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Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) were prepared using Yellow River sand, and their printability was systematically investigated based on a printability evaluation system, including extrudability, buildability, flowability, rheological properties, setting time, and heat of hydration. The results show that both the extrusion width and the total vertical height increase with the increase replacement ratio of Yellow River sand. In contrast, the change rates of total vertical height, the change rate of the bottom layer strip thickness, and the ratio of the difference between half of the top width and half of the bottom width to the actual total vertical height (tan θ) decrease continuously with the increase replacement ratio of Yellow River sand. The flowability decreases first and then increases with the rise in the replacement ratio of Yellow River sand, reaching a peak at a 100%(mass fraction) replacement ratio. As the Yellow River sand replacement ratio increases, both the thixotropic loop area and the static yield stress increase continuously, while the dynamic yield stress and consistency coefficient decrease. This indicates that the Yellow River sand ECC exhibit shear-thinning pseudoplastic fluid characteristics. The initial setting time gradually decreases with the increase of Yellow River sand replacement ratio. In the heat of hydration test, 90% of the total heat of hydration release occurrs within the first 50 h, and the heat evolution curve exhibits a bimodal pattern, indicating that the early hydration reaction of Yellow River sand ECC is rapid, follow by a stable mid-term hydration process, which is beneficial to the early strength development of printed component.

Preparation and Performance Study of Carboaluminate Artificial Aggregate Concrete Modified by GGBS

ZHANG Linxiaohan, WANG Yanshuai, PENG Rongxin, DONG Biqin

2025, 44(11):  4132-4146.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0573

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In response to the challenges posed by scarcity of natural aggregates (NA) and the accumulation of solid waste for sustainable development, this study proposed a design method for solid waste carboaluminate artificial aggregates modified by ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) based on phosphogypsum (PG)-limestone powder (LP)- mayenite (C₁₂A₇) synergistic system. The method was developed through thermal gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, and nanoindentation tests. The results show that the main hydration products of aggregates are ettringite(AFt), monocarboaluminate(Mc), aluminum hydroxide (AH₃) and calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) gel. The introduction of GGBS increases the reaction degree of calcium carbonate in LP, increases the amount of C-A-S-H gel formation, and enhances the strength of aggregates. When 15% (mass fraction) GGBS is added to aggregates(SL-C), the 28 d compressive strength of artificial aggregate concrete is 51.68 MPa, reaching 71.9% of the compressive strength of natural aggregate concrete (NAC) (71.87 MPa). Micro-mechanical and chemical composition analyses further indicate that there is a significant enrichment chemical component effect in interfacial transition zone (ITZ). The enrichment of Ca and Si elements in the ITZ of SL-C samples promotes the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel. An appropriate Si/Al molar ratio (1.0~3.0) is conducive to the formation of a dense sodium aluminumsilicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) gel, ensuring the generation of AFt and single sulfur aluminates (AFm), and enhancing the mechanical properties of ITZ.

Preparation of Shape-Imitated Lightweight Aggregate and Its Application in Thermal Resistance Asphalt Mixture

XIAO Yue, LI Chao, CHEN Zongwu, WANG Feng

2025, 44(11):  4147-4161.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0817

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To address the issue of performance degradation in asphalt mixtures caused by the poor morphology and shape of traditional thermal resistance lightweight aggregates, while promoting the high-value utilization of solid wastes such as fly ash and red mud, this study takes natural aggregates as shape prototypes, designs a molding method for shape-imitated lightweight aggregates, and prepares such lightweight aggregates through the optimization of raw material proportions and temperature regimes. Additionally, their performance and application effects in thermal resistance asphalt mixtures are systematically investigated. Results show that fly ash and red mud have good complementarity in terms of ceramic-forming components, fluxing components, and gas-generating components. The optimal mass ratio of fly ash, 1# red mud, and 2# red mud is 4∶1∶1, and the suitable dosages of cement and water are 5% and 24%, respectively. Based on the morphological transmission pathway from natural aggregate prototype to mold with replicated shape features, and then to shape-imitated lightweight aggregate, lightweight aggregate pellets are shaped. Using a two-stage holding system (30 min at 500 and 900 ℃ respectively) and sintering at 1 175 ℃ for 30 min, high-performance shape-imitated lightweight aggregates are prepared. The apparent density is as low as 1.731 g/cm³, the tube strength exceeds the lower limit of the specification by 20.6%, the abrasion loss is 33.6% lower than the upper limit, the morphology retention rate is not less than 67.5%, and the shape-imitated lightweight aggregates are rich in low-thermal-conductivity plagioclase minerals and porous structures. When the content of shape-imitated lightweight aggregates is 18%, the asphalt mixture exhibits balanced performance. The indirect tensile resilience modulus in the wide temperature range of -15~45 ℃ increases by 5.6%~134.3%. Both water stability and temperature stability are excellent. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity decrease by 29.4% and 45.1%, respectively. During the heating and cooling stages in indoor irradiation test, lightweight aggregates both significantly reduce the temperature change speed inside the samples.

Mix Proportion Design Model of Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Calcined Coal Gangue Powder Based on Paste Rheology Theory

WANG Liming, CHENG Shukai, LIU Qiwen

2025, 44(11):  4162-4175.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0768

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Facing the environmental pressure caused by the accumulation of coal gangue to enhance its potential in engineering application. Based on the paste rheological threshold theory, the rheological properties of self-compacting concrete paste were determined by fly ash and calcined coal gangue powder, and the mix proportion test of self-compacting concrete with calcined coal gangue powder-cement-fly ash ternary cementitious system was carried out. The yield stress model of paste was optimized by Rankine active earth pressure principle. The model was quantitatively evaluated by bilinear interpolation method, and the accuracy of the optimized model was verified. The results show that when m(cement)∶m(fly ash)∶m(calcined coal gangue powder) is 67.5∶22.5∶10.0, and the content of saturated water-reducing agent is 1.3% (mass fraction), the fluidity of self-compacting concrete paste is the best. When the cement-to-sand mass ratio is 0.6~0.8 and the optimal sand ratio is 50% (mass fraction), the fluidity of self-compacting concrete is the best. The absolute accuracy of the yield stress mechanical model of paste modified by Rankine active earth pressure principle is 14.97 percentage points higher than that of the original model, and the prediction accuracy of the working performance of self-compacting concrete of calcined coal gangue powder-cement-fly ash ternary cementitious system is improved.

Effect of Rubber Aggregate on Properties of Cement-Based Composites

CAO Baodong, KANG Jiajia, ZHAI Shengtian

2025, 44(11):  4176-4187.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0741

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In this study, common and modified rubber aggregates were used to prepare common/modified rubber aggregate cement mortar (CRM/MRM) with different content and particle sizes, and the effects of rubber on the fluidity, rheology and mechanical properties of mortar were investigated. The results show that: in terms of fluidity, CRM has a low fluidity of only 90~95 mm, while MRM has a fluidity of 220~225 mm and good uniformity. In terms of rheology, CRM is characterized by dilatant fluid (shear thickening) and MRM is pseudoplastic fluid (shear thinning). And the thixotropy and rheology of both increase with the increase of rubber content. In terms of mechanical properties, the incorporation of rubber significantly reduced the compressive and flexural strength of mortar, and the decrease of flexural strength is less than that of compressive strength. The 28 d compressive and flexural strength of the modified rubber system increases by 70.5 % and 32.6 %, respectively, compared with the unmodified system. Large particle size rubber is more conducive to maintaining flexural strength. Microscopic analysis shows that the modification treatment reduces the thickness of the rubber-cement interface transition zone from 160 μm to 80 μm, eliminates the interface holes and forms a gradient hardness structure, which promotes the transformation of the material failure mode from brittleness to ductility.

Intelligent Sensing and Self-Repairing Engineering Materials

Influence of Connectivity on Physical and Chemical Properties of Crack Zone and Spore Germination of Mineralizing Bacteria

HOU Fuxing, GUO Hanyu, YAO Tian, SHEN Di, WANG Jianyun

2025, 44(11):  4188-4198.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0785

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In the process of crack self-healing based on microbial mineralization, the connectivity of cracks may affect the physical and chemical properties of the crack zone, thereby influencing the germination of mineralizing bacterial spores and the subsequent mineralization and deposition repair process. This paper systematically studies the physical and chemical characteristics of oxygen concentration, pH value, and calcium ions in through and non-through cracks, and explores their influence on the germination behavior of mineralizing bacteria at different crack depths. The results show that the physical and chemical characteristics of non-through cracks are non-uniform. Oxygen concentration decreases significantly from the crack opening to its depth. Meanwhile, pH value (10.26~12.50) and calcium ion concentration (5~50 mmol/L) increases significantly along the crack depth. Therefore, surface (5 mm) spores germinate earlier than deep (20 mm) spores. In contrast, the distribution of physical and chemical properties within the through crack is relatively uniform. The oxygen concentration fluctuates within the range of 129.59~261.55 μmol/L, and the pH value changes within the small range of 11.80~12.30, and the calcium ion concentration is approximately 15 mmol/L. The germination times of surface (5 mm) and deep (20 mm) spores show a relatively small difference. This indicates that the changes in the microenvironment of the crack caused by the crack connectivity have a significant impact on the germination behavior of the spores.

Effect of Electrodeposition Time on In-Situ Growth of Mg-Al-NO^-₃-LDH Films on Carbon Steel Surfaces

HONG Shuxian, TIAN Kun, CHEN Jiahao, LIU Wenjie, YANG Qingrui, WANG Xiang, DONG Biqin

2025, 44(11):  4199-4211.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0804

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Layered double hydroxides (LDH), employed as nanocontainers with tunable intercalation structures and grown in-situ on steel reinforcement surfaces, offer a novel multifunctional approach to corrosion protection in steel reinforcement systems. Currently, the two-step electrodeposition-hydrothermal method can grow NO^-₃-LDH in-situ on a steel substrate, addressing the limitation of the LDH film grown by one-step hydrothermal method cannot incorporate corrosion inhibitors by exchanging interlayer anions, demonstrating significant potential in the field of metal protection. This study investigated the in-situ growth of Mg-Al-NO^-₃-LDH via electrodeposition-hydrothermal method. The effect of electrodeposition time on the microstructure and morphology of the LDH was examined, and the associated growth mechanism was elucidated. Results show that LDH films electrodeposited for 500 s form dense, defect-free structures with excellent adhesion to the substrate. These coatings provide superior corrosion protection on steel, exhibiting an order-of-magnitude increase in impedance compared to bare steel.

Properties of Graphene/Carbon Nanotube Composite Waterborne Epoxy Cement-Based Conductive Coating

PANG Bo, ZHAO Lingling, WANG Hong, CHEN Ruoyu, LIU Jin

2025, 44(11):  4212-4219.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0761

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To solve the problems of poor toughness and high temperature sensitivity of traditional cement-based conductive materials, graphene and carbon nanotubes were used as composite conductive fillers. Combined with waterborne epoxy resin modification technology, a new multifunctional cement-based conductive coating was prepared. The influence of different carbon nanotube/graphene doping ratios on the thermal decoupling performance of composite coatings was studied. The pressure-sensitive performance of the coatings were evaluated through deflection-resistance testing. The results show that carbon nanotubes exhibit negative temperature coefficient characteristics, while graphene exhibits positive temperature coefficient characteristics. When the mass ratio of the two materials is 1∶2, the composite material achieves the best thermal decoupling effect. The incorporation of waterborne epoxy resin forms an interpenetrating network structure, which enables the maximum deflection angle of composite coating up to 35°, significantly improving the toughness of material. The composite coating has good pressure-sensitive performance, and the deflection and relative resistivity follow a quadratic function relationship ΔR/R₀=-0.002 93+0.012 03γ-1.423 5×10^-4γ², exhibiting excellent stability under cyclic loading. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical path for the development of intelligent cement-based conductive coating materials with high toughness, low temperature sensitivity and high stability.

Frontier Engineering Materials

Effect of Recycled Fine Powder on Performance of Porous Magnesium Phosphate Cement-Based Supercapacitors

CAI Qiang, LIU Yisong, GUO Junyuan, WU Kai

2025, 44(11):  4220-4226.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0855

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Porous magnesium phosphate cement exhibits exceptional sulfate resistance, rendering it highly advantageous for developing cement-based energy storage systems accommodating high-capacity and complex electrode materials. However, the ion transport kinetics within porous magnesium phosphate cement electrolytes are significantly constrained by the stochastic pore architecture formed during hydration, characterized by high randomness and tortuosity. This study modifies the pore structure of porous magnesium phosphate cement-based electrolytes by introducing recycled fine powder and investigates the effect of recycled fine powder on the performance of porous magnesium phosphate cement-based supercapacitors. The results demonstrate that incorporating 40% (mass fraction) recycled fine powders triples the ionic conductivity of the porous magnesium phosphate cement electrolyte, achieving 21.4 mS/cm, while also boosting the energy storage potential of magnesium phosphate cement-based supercapacitors at current densities of 1.0 and 2.0 A/g.This work provides a viable technical pathway for advancing high-performance magnesium phosphate cement-based electrochemical energy storage devices through sustainable waste valorization.

Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of LaCoO₃/Activated Carbon/Cement-Based Electrodes

SHEN Yuhao, LIU Xinhui, ZHAO Guangyuan, LI Liping, DENG Huangyi, ZHANG Gaoyin, ZHANG Lihua, LIU Haifeng, LIU Laibao

2025, 44(11):  4227-4234.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0769

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Cement-based batteries show great application potential in fields such as green energy storage buildings and intelligent concrete. To address the problems of poor conductivity and weak energy storage of cement, this study incorporated conductive activated carbon and LaCoO₃ nano-powder into the cement matrix to prepare LaCoO₃/activated carbon/cement-based electrodes with different doping amounts. Through physical and chemical characterizations such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), combined with electrochemical performance tests including cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the results show that LaCoO₃ and activated carbon form a uniformly distributed porous three-dimensional network structure in cement. All electrodes exhibit excellent electrochemical performance. With the increase of LaCoO₃ and activated carbon doping amount, the specific capacitance of the electrode increases first and then decreases (maximum to 1.20 F/g), and the resistance decreases first and then increases (minimum to 22.6 Ω). The study indicates that the appropriate addition of LaCoO₃ can endow cement with pseudocapacitance characteristics and enhance its energy storage capacity.

Design and Service Evaluation of Major Engineering Materials

Intelligent Prediction Method for Lifespan of Protected and Repaired Concrete Based on Machine Learning

WANG Fengjuan, LI Yingze, WANG Yuncheng, SHI Jinyan, LIU Zhiyong, JIANG Jinyang

2025, 44(11):  4235-4251.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0777

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To quantitatively evaluate the effects of protection and repair measures on the service life of concrete structures, this study proposed an intelligent prediction method based on machine learning. Based on the numerical solution method incorporating engineering prior knowledge, a dataset comprising 100 000 sample groups comprehensively considering environmental factors, concrete materials parameters, and parameters of protection and repair measures was constructed. Twelve mainstream machine learning models were systematically assessed, and the extreme gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm based on Bayesian hyperparameter optimization was selected for regression prediction. Concurrently, an in-depth interpretability analysis of the optimized model was conducted using the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) framework. The results indicate that the of the optimized XGBoost model determination coefficient R² is 0.986 5 on the test set. The SHAP analysis quantify the contribution of each feature to the lifespan prediction, identifying environmental chloride concentration, fly ash content, and water-binder ratio as key factors influencing lifespan prediction. Furthermore, SHAP reveals the complex non-linear relationships among various factors. The high-precision, interpretable machine learning predicted model developed in this study provides an efficient and reliable data-driven analytical tool for the durability design, performance assessment, and maintenance decision-making for protected and repaired concrete structures.

High-Throughput Screening of Element Doping in Calcium Silicate Hydrate Based on Machine Learning

ZHANG Yu, SUN Jianwu, JIANG Jinyang, GUO Le

2025, 44(11):  4252-4259.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0767

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Molecular reinforcement of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel through elemental doping offers a new strategy for achieving improvements in the performance of cement-based concrete. Current experimental and simulation approaches remain confined to trial-and-error methodologies, lacking the capacity for systematic optimization across vast elemental doping schemes. This study proposed a machine learning-based high-throughput screening method for elemental doping in C-S-H molecules. The innovative approach leveraged existing phyllosilicate mineral data to predict the properties of C-S-H with varying chemical composition, using molecular formation energy as an indicator to identify highly stable molecular structures. This enables batchwise and efficient screening of multi-element doping configurations, with computational costs below 1 s per sample on an 8-core processor while bypassing complex modeling procedures. The random forest algorithm demonstrates exceptional performance in high-throughput screening of elemental doping cases, achieving an root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.060 and R² of 0.980 on test samples. Prediction results confirm: 1) stability reduction due to charge imbalance, 2) decreased formation energy in highly polymerized molecules, 3) weakened chemical effects from protonation of non-bridging oxygen sites. The study investigates mono- and multi-element doping schemes involving Al, Fe, Ti, Na, Mg, Li, Cr, and H, proposing feasible Na/Al co-doping approaches to enhance C-S-H stability, and validating magnesium ions' kinetic propensity to substitute calcium sites in C-S-H. Grounded in first-principles theoretical frameworks, this method demonstrates potential for extension to inorganic non-metallic mineral systems, enabling high-throughput prediction and screening of numerous unknown materials.

Mechanical Property of Negative Poisson Ratio 3D Lattice Metamaterial-Reinforced Foam Concrete

JIANG Jinyang, WANG Fengjuan, SHI Jinyan, LIU Zhiyong, ZHENG Chaolang

2025, 44(11):  4260-4273.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0818

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This paper proposed a design method for negative Poisson ratio 3D lattice structures based on a hierarchical design concept. 3D printing technology was employed to fabricate lattice structures with varying geometric parameters, which were then combined with foam concrete slurry to form interpenetrating network composite materials. The tensile and compressive mechanical properties of both lattice structures and composite materials were investigated, and their deformation behaviors under compressive loading were characterized. Results demonstrate that the Poisson ratio of the lattice structures increases with increasing reentrant angle, reaching a minimum value of -1.46 at a reentrant angle of -30°. The absolute value of lattice structure Poisson ratio decreases with reduced unit cell size, approaching zero when the unit cell size is 2.5 mm. At an reentrant angle of -30°, the negative Poisson ratio 3D lattice-reinforced foam concrete achieves a compressive strength of 7.5 MPa (39% enhancement compared to foam concrete with identical mix proportion) and a tensile strength of 0.7 MPa (8-fold improvement over foam concrete). Strain contour map reveals that the lattice structure effectively modulates strain distribution in foam concrete, strain of foam concrete matrix is restricted through a lattice structure that generates a negative Poisson ratio effect, thereby enhancing the mechanical properties of composite materials.

High-Order Statistical Generative Model: Reconstruction of Anisotropic Porous Materials

XU Nuo, WANG Fengjuan, WU Haotian, CHEN Jie, JIANG Jinyang, XU Wenxiang

2025, 44(11):  4274-4282.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0770

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Porous materials exhibit typical heterogeneous characteristics, with their macroscopic properties fundamentally governed by microstructural features. Therefore, establishing an accurate microstructure characterization system and realizing high-fidelity numerical modeling were the core scientific issues to reveal the structure-activity relationship of materials. This study proposes a deep learning-based reconstruction method for multiphase anisotropic porous microstructure. By integrating a deep convolutional generative adversarial network model with a slice sampling strategy, and decomposing the complex multiphase reconstruction task into a series of two-phase reconstruction tasks based on the One-hot encoding principle, the proposed method efficiently reconstruct multiphase anisotropic porous materials. In addition, a three-point statistical correlation function algorithm is introduced as a high-order statistical controller for the reconstruction model, addressing the limitations of traditional second-order statistical descriptors and enabling precise quantification of high-order microstructural features. This work provides valuable theoretical insights and practical guidance for performance prediction and microstructure optimization of porous materials.