Table of Content

Volume 45 Issue 4
20 April 2026

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Cement and Concrete

Influence of Initial Particle Size of Ferronickel Slag on Alkali-Silica Reaction in Cement Mortar

WANG Wei, YE Zi, YU Qi, ZHANG Yamei

2026, 45(4):  1109-1121.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0913

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Water-quenched cooling ferronickel slag fine aggregates contain a high proportion of amorphous silica and thus pose high alkali-silica reaction （ASR） activity， which may adversely affect the durability and safety of building structures. To elucidate the intrinsic relationship between the initial particle size of ferronickel slag and its ASR behavior， the aggregates were crushed and sieved to controlled size ranges， and the ASR activity of ferronickel slag fine aggregates with different initial particle sizes was systematically studied based on the evolution of hydration products， gel structure， and micro-morphology. The results indicate that the ASR reactivity of ferronickel slag fine aggregates increases with initial particle size. A large amount of calcium hydroxide generated in the ferronickel slag fine aggregate cement mortar participates in the subsequent ASR reaction. Calcium ions exchange with alkali metal ions in the gel product， and a large amount of calcium-rich gel is formed in the cracks near the aggregate. The water absorption rate of the calcium-rich gel is high， which will lead to the expansion of slurry and affect the pore structure of slurry. This study intuitively reveals the dynamic damage accumulation characteristics of aggregates with different initial particle sizes in ASR process， and provides basis and engineering reference for the ASR hazard evaluation and prevention strategy formulation of ferronickel slag fine aggregates.

Preparation and Performance of Hydrophobic-Modified Calcined Diatomite Mortar

WANG Haihao, GAN Yuanchu, HOU Qingzhen, CHEN Zhenfu, JIN Dan, FU Xinbo

2026, 45(4):  1122-1131.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0911

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To enhance the waterproofing and impermeability of cement-based materials， this paper proposed a method for preparing green superhydrophobic powder. Using stearic acid as modifier， calcined diatomite （CD） underwent hydrophobic modification via mechanical ball milling. Process parameters were optimized with contact angle as the primary evaluation metric， successfully yielding modified calcined diatomite （SA-CD） with outstanding hydrophobic properties. The SA-CD was characterized using X-ray diffractometer （XRD）， Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer （FTIR）， and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The effects of substituting cement with SA-CD at different dosages on mortar properties were systematically investigated. Results indicate that under process conditions of 3% （mass fraction） stearic acid dosage， 30 min ball milling time， and 500 r/min rotation speed， the prepared SA-CD shows a contact angle of 152°. As the SA-CD dosage increases， the mortar contact angle continuously rises while the capillary water absorption coefficient significantly decreases， simultaneously exhibiting a flow trend that initially increases before decreasing. At a 6% （mass fraction） SA-CD， the mortar’s 28 d flexural strength and compressive strength improve by 8.81% and 10.44%， respectively. Microscopic analysis indicates that moderate SA-CD dosage improves pore structure and enhances density， thereby strengthening the mortar’s overall performance.

Mechanisms of Mechanical Property Degradation of Carbonation Curing Cement-Based Materials under Natural Weathering

YANG Xueying, WANG Kaiyuan, WANG Yaocheng, ZHAN Baojian, XING Feng

2026, 45(4):  1132-1141.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0931

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Carbonation curing can accelerate the early strength development of cement-based materials while sequestering carbon dioxide. However， the degradation mechanisms affecting their mechanical properties during service life remain unclear. This study exposed cement paste specimens to natural environmental conditions to investigate the effect of carbonation curing compared to conventional water curing under different weathering durations （30， 60， and 90 d）. The composition， pore structure， and both macroscopic and microscale mechanical properties of the weathered specimens were systematically analyzed. The results indicate that， in the later stage （90 d） of weathering， specimens carbonation curing for 0.5 h and 1 d show 15.1% and 34.7% higher compressive strength， and 1.4% and 3.6% higher average microhardness， respectively， than the conventional water curing specimens. This improvement is attributed to the formation of a dense carbonate layer in sample during carbonation curing. Moreover， with extended carbonation duration， the nanoindentation modulus at the specimen surface increases significantly. These findings demonstrate that carbonation curing significantly enhances the weathering resistance of cement-based materials， providing an important basis for its application in this field and a useful reference for the deployment of early-age carbonation curing products in coastal regions.

Bending Properties of Basalt Fiber Fabric Reinforced Cement-Based Composite Materials with Different Structural Forms

YAN Fei, WENG Yukuan, CUI Zheqi, CHEN Zhengkang, DENG Ziyi, JIA Minghao

2026, 45(4):  1142-1150.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0908

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The low tensile strength， high brittleness， and susceptibility to cracking of cement-based materials seriously affect their durability. In order to improve the flexural bearing capacity of concrete， this study combined basalt fiber fabrics with different stacking methods， layer angles， and fabric types with concrete， and analyzed their bending properties through load-displacement curves and structural crack patterns. The results indicate that among the stacking methods， the ultimate bending load of the mesh plain weave twill stacked basalt fiber fabric reinforced concrete composite material is increased by 247.85% compared to plain concrete， while the mesh twill plain weave stacking method leads to limited reinforcement effect due to the weak interfacial bonding performance between the fabric and concrete. The ultimate bending load of the 0° layered basalt fiber mesh fabric reinforced concrete composite material reaches 611.5 N， increases by 53.64% and 39.03% compared to the 45° and 90° layered materials， respectively.Among the three fabric types， the basalt fiber plain weave fabric exhibts the most significant enhancement effect on bending strength of concrete， with ultimate bending load reaching 1 029 N. This study provide a technical support for the structure design and mechanical analysis of flexural-resistant structures using basalt fiber fabric reinforced cement-based composite materials in the field of building reinforcement.

Properties of Seawater Coral Sand Powder Engineered Cementitious Composites after High-Temperature Exposure

HONG Chuanhai, LIANG Ruiqing, LIANG Zhensheng, ZHANG Botao, TANG Xuemei, RUAN Guowei, LIN Jiaxiang

2026, 45(4):  1151-1159.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0955

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To enhance the application reliability of coral resources in marine concrete structures under high-temperature environments， this study investigated the effects of different coral sand powder （CSP） volume replacement ratios （0%， 25%， 50%， and 100%） on the residual compressive strength， spalling behavior， and microstructure of seawater coral sand powder engineered cementitious composites （SCECC） after high-temperature exposure. The test results show that SCECC with a 25% CSP volume replacement ratio maintains good load-bearing capacity and structural integrity below 400 ℃， whereas at a 100% volume replacement ratio， significant strength degradation and delayed spalling occur due to calcium carbonate decomposition and interfacial structure damage. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicates that an appropriate amount of CSP can optimize the interfacial transition zone structure， while thermal decomposition at high temperatures disrupts the matrix continuity. This study elucidates the high-temperature damage mechanisms and interfacial response characteristics of CSP in SCECC， providing experimental evidence for the design and evaluation of engineered cementitious composites serving in high-temperature marine environments.

Effect of Epoxy-Cement-Based Permeable Crystalline Composite Coating on Chloride Salt Freeze-Thaw Protection Performance of Concrete

FU Tao, GENG Lin, REN Xianfu, LI Yan, YANG Bo, LI Weihua

2026, 45(4):  1160-1174.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0986

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This study investigated the protective effect of epoxy-cement-based permeable crystalline composite coating on concrete structures in a chloride freeze-thaw environment. Rapid freeze-thaw tests， chloride ion penetration resistance performance tests， and durability tests under combined chloride and freeze-thaw environment were conducted. The variations in key parameters， including the relative dynamic elastic modulus， mass loss rate， and chloride ion diffusion coefficient of concrete specimens were measured. The results indicate that， compared to the two single coatings （epoxy anti-corrosion coating and cement-based permeable crystalline material）， the composite coating significantly reduces the chloride ion diffusion coefficient of concrete specimens， effectively slows the decline in relative dynamic elastic modulus and mass loss rate， and delays the onset of freeze-thaw damage. Based on the modified Duracrete model， the service life of concrete structures with different coatings under chloride freeze-thaw environment was predicted. In submerged， tidal， and atmospheric zones， the service life of concrete structures coated with the composite coating increases by approximately 90.6%， 92.9%， and 90.7%， respectively， compared to those with a single epoxy coating， and by approximately 55.6%， 74.4%， and 66.4%， respectively， compared to those with a single cement-based permeable crystalline coating. These findings demonstrate that the epoxy-cement-based permeable crystalline composite coating can effectively extend the service life of concrete structures in chloride salt freeze-thaw environment.

Influence of Cellulose Ether on Mechanical and Workability Properties of Lining Concrete

WANG Jiefang, XU Dejin, LI Sheng, REN Wanli, CHEN Peiyuan

2026, 45(4):  1175-1183.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0968

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In this paper， the applicability of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether （abbreviated as cellulose ether ） in large-flow lining concrete was studied， and its influence on the fresh mixing properties， rheological properties and compressive strength of concrete was evaluated. The microscopic mechanism was revealed by means of TGA-DTG， SEM and nanoindentation. The results show that the thickening effect of cellulose ether leads to the decrease of slump and expansion of lining concrete， but effectively inhibits the time loss of lining concrete. The time loss of slump and expansion can be reduced by 75.0% and 66.7% respectively when the cellulose ether content is 0.12% （mass fraction）， and the anti-segregation performance of lining concrete is improved. Cellulosic ether improves the anti-flowability of lining concrete， makes it more difficult to shear deformation， and shows stronger thixotropy and water retention capacity. The incorporation of cellulose ether has a positive effect on the compressive strength of lining concrete. The addition of 0.03%~0.12% cellulose ether can increase the 28 d compressive strength of lining concrete by 7.6%~23.6%. In addition， cellulose ether improves the hydration degree of cement， increases the content of hydration products， makes the microstructure of the sample surface denser， and increases the content of low density and high density calcium silicate hydrate （C-S-H） gel. Therefore， the comprehensive performance of lining concrete is improved.

Effect of Accelerator and Early Strength Agent on Properties of Shotcrete

LI Shunkai, CHEN Ronghui, DONG Xun, DOU Huakang, SUN Fengpin

2026, 45(4):  1184-1192.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0921

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In view of the problems of ordinary shotcrete， such as prolong setting time and slow development rate of extremely early strength， a self-made setting accelerator and early strength agent was employed for modification. The effects of accelerator and early strength agent on setting time of cement paste， workability and mechanical properties of shotcrete were investigated， and the modification mechanism was analyzed by means of tests such as hydration heat， X-ray diffraction （XRD）， thermogravimetric （TG-DTG） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The results show that the in corporation of the accelerator and early strength agent slightly reduces the workability of concrete， it can significantly improve the setting accelerator effect and mechanical properties of shotcrete. When the dosage of the accelerator and early strength agent is 4%（mass fraction）， its slump decreases to 185 mm. Compared with the group without the accelerator and early strength agent， the initial setting time and final setting time are shortened by 50.0% and 45.5% respectively. The compressive strength at 3 h， 8 h， 1 d and 28 d increased by 128.6%， 79.7%， 26.7% and 2.6% respectively. Mechanism analysis indicates that the sulphoaluminate clinker and nanomaterials in the accelerator and early strength agent can significantly accelerate the hydration process of the cement paste， promoting the formation of hydration products such as needle-rod-like ettringite （AFt） and flocculent calcium silicate hydrate （C-S-H） gel， and make the internal structure of the concrete more dense， thereby effectively improving the accelerating setting effect and mechanical properties of shotcrete.

Effect of Vibration Mixing on Performance and Carbon Emissions of Fly Ash Concrete

ZHU Shidong, CHEN Wannian, LI Zhonghui, ZHANG Yu, ZHANG Yunsheng, LI Wangxin

2026, 45(4):  1193-1207.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1001

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With the increasing demand for low-carbon and high-performance concrete， evaluating the effect of vibration mixing on the microstructure， durability， and life-cycle carbon emissions of fly ash concrete is essential for advancing green construction technologies and emission-reduction strategies. In this study， the effect of vibration mixing process on the mechanical properties， frost resistance enhancement， microstructure and carbon emission of fly ash concrete was systematically investigated. The vibration mixing method was compared with the conventional mixing method through preparing concrete specimens under five mix proportions with different fly ash content. The macroscopic properties were evaluated according to the results of compressive tests and rapid freeze-thaw cycle tests. The characteristics of porosity， hydration degree and interfacial transition zone （ITZ） were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）， thermogravimetric analysis （TG/DTG）， scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy （SEM-EDS） and microhardness test， respectively. Besides， life cycle assessment （LCA） was applied to quantify carbon dioxide emissions. The results indicate that compared with the conventional mixing method， the vibration mixing method significantly improves the compressive strength and frost resistance of fly ash concrete. The porosity of fly ash concrete decreases by 3.46% under the vibration mixing method， in which the hydration process of the cement and the pozzolanic reaction of the fly ash are effectively promoted. And the ITZ is better optimized， which manifests as higher microhardness and a denser bonding interface. According to the LCA results， while maintaining or enhancing the properties of concrete， the vibration mixing method can reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the preparation process of fly ash concrete by 14~20 kg/m³.

Influence of Composite Retarder on Construction Performance of 3D Printing Concrete

WU Jie, TANG Zhenzhong, DEI Kai, YAO Yong

2026, 45(4):  1208-1219.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0892

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This study addressed the requirements for compressive strength and setting time in continuous 3D printing concrete construction by employing a composite retarder of sodium gluconate and sodium citrate. By testing rheological properties， compressive strength， and setting time of the composite paste， a type of 3D printing concrete was successfully developed that concurrently met the demands of printability， buildability， compressive strength， and setting time. The results indicate that when the dosage of sodium citrate or sodium gluconate is between 0.02% and 0.10% （mass fraction）， or when the composite retarder dosage is 0.10% or 0.12%， the cement hydration is effectively delayed. Compared to the reference group， the initial and final setting times are extended by 32~42 min and 34~50 min， respectively. The variation in total composite retarder dosage shows no significant effect on the setting time， early-age strength， or rheological properties of different mixtures. However， the variation in proportion between sodium citrate and sodium gluconate demonstrates considerable influence on the setting time， early-age strength， and rheological properties of the 3D printing concrete. When the mass ratio of sodium citrate to sodium gluconate ranges from 1∶1 to 2∶1， the overall performance of the 3D printing concrete is optimal. Additionally， the 3D printing concrete prepared with composite retarder is successfully enabled the continuous printing of precast composite floor slab side formwork.

Performance Optimization and Application of Geopolymer Grouting Repairing Material for Concrete Crack

WEI Shupeng, CUI Chenchen, WANG Dehui, LUO Zhengdong, LUO Jin, WANG Yajun, CHEN Yinghao

2026, 45(4):  1220-1230.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1029

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This study experimentally investigated the feasibility of using geopolymer grouting repairing material （GGRM） for concrete crack， with the aim of overcoming limitations of conventional methods such as slow setting and inadequate erosion resistance. Firstly， based on practical and applicability considerations， GGRM was modified using three types of expansive agents： magnesium oxide， calcium oxide， and calcium sulfoaluminate. The evolution of workability and mechanical properties of the grout was the primary focus. Subsequently， the optimal GGRM was selected to repair concrete cracks of varying widths. The compressive strength and resistance to sulfate and chloride salt erosion of the repaired matrix were evaluated. Finally， microscopic characterization techniques were employed to elucidate the modification mechanism of expansive agents and the bonding behavior at the crack interface. The results show that expansive agents effectively compensate for the shrinkage deformation of GGRM. Fluidity is highly sensitive to variations in calcium sulfoaluminate content， and increasing calcium oxide content significantly shortens the setting time of the grout. However， all three expansive agents have a negative impact on the compressive strength of GGRM. The compressive strength of the cracked C30 concrete matrix repaired using magnesium oxide-modified GGRM reaches up to 28.8 MPa. After 28 d of erosion in a 5% （mass fraction） NaCl solution， the strength retention rate of the repaired matrix is between 95.4% and 97.7%. Moreover， after exposure to 5% （mass fraction） Na₂SO₄ solution for 28 d， the strength retention rate of the concrete matrix is significantly higher than that of the cement-repaired control group. The key mechanism for mitigating shrinkage deformation is the formation of slightly expansive crystals such as Mg（OH）₂， Ca（OH）₂， and ettringite （AFt）. The enhanced bonding strength at the GGRM existing concrete interface is attributed to bridging connections by geopolymer gels and frictional interlocking effects.

Solid Waste and Eco-Materials

Current Status of Fluorine-Containing Sludge Disposal and Research Progress in Glass Solidification

ZHOU Zeyun, CHEN Jinmiao, PENG Cairu, TIAN Yingliang, YU Guangcai, HE Feng, ZHAO Zhiyong, WU Yufeng

2026, 45(4):  1231-1239.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0951

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Fluorine-containing sludge represents a primary pollutant generated during the production processes of industries such as photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices， semiconductors， fluorochemical engineering， and electronic information industry. Its main component is CaF₂， which has potential resource recovery. Common resource utilization approaches include high-purity extraction of CaF₂ and direct recycling of fluorine-containing sludge. The former encompasses methods such as flotation enrichment， acid leaching purification， and atmospheric distillation， while the latter involves using the sludge as a raw material to produce zeolite， cement， and glass. Among these， the glass solidification method is frequently employed for the safe and stable immobilization of hazardous elements， enabling efficient and reliable treatment of fluorine-containing sludge. This review discusses the current status of fluorine-containing sludge disposal and the glass solidification method， providing valuable insights and references for future management strategies.

Mineral Characteristics, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Shallow Marine Sand Aggregates

LIN Mingzhi, CHEN Yang, CHEN Bo

2026, 45(4):  1240-1247.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0954

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The mineral composition， physical and mechanical properties， and the content of harmful substances of shallow marine sand are important factors affecting the mechanical properties and durability of marine sand concrete. In this paper， mineralogical research was carried out on shallow marine sand around Hainan Island through mineral liberation analyzer， the physical and mechanical properties of marine sand were analyzed in accordance with the provisions of “Sand for Construction”. The research results show that the main mineral components of shallow marine sand are quartz and feldspar. The chloride content in all samples exceeded the standard， and the proportion of samples with excessive bulk density， porosity and mud content exceeded 50%. Shallow marine sand has no potential alkali-silicic acid reaction hazard. It is expected that the particle size distribution of most of the purified marine sand can meet the standards.

Influence of Yellow River Fine Sand on Performance of Foamed Lightweight Soil

HAN Lei, CAO Hongxing, REN Jiafang, GUO Zhixiang, SONG Putao, WANG Jing, LENG Faguang

2026, 45(4):  1248-1255.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0878

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The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River basin possess abundant Yellow River fine sand resources.Using it as fine aggregate to prepare foamed lightweight soil can alleviate the problem of river channel siltation to a certain extent. This paper systematically studied the effects of different content of Yellow River fine sand on the macroscopic properties， hydration products， and microstructure of foamed lightweight soil through performance tests including fluidity， wet density， compressive strength， shrinkage performance， water absorption rate， X-ray diffraction analysis， and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that 20% （mass fraction） content of Yellow River fine sand can exert a micro-aggregate effect， improving the mechanical properties of foamed lightweight soil and reducing water absorption rate. When the content of Yellow River fine sand continues to increase， a large content of mineral admixtures are replaced， leading to a weakened pozzolanic reaction， a decrease in hydration products such as C-S-H gel， the number of pores increases and pore sizes refine. The microstructure gradually tends to become loose， and the performance of foamed lightweight soil deteriorates. In addition， Yellow River fine sand can act as a skeleton inhibition role， and the self-shrinkage rate of foamed lightweight soil gradually decreases with the increase of Yellow River fine sand content.

Fabrication and Performance of Sintered Bricks from Fly Ash and Reservoir Sediment

ZHANG Shiyu, ZHOU Yang, LI Zhiqiang, CHEN Yuxian, ZHOU Shubin, CHU Yongyan, SHEN Pengcheng

2026, 45(4):  1256-1265.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0972

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To address environmental pollution and resource waste caused by reservoir sediment and fly ash stockpiling， this study used Jiahezi reservoir sediment as the raw material and fly ash as an modifier to fabricate sintered brick specimens by compression molding. The influences of fly ash content and sintering temperature on bulk density， volumetric change rate， water absorption and compressive strength were investigated， while the underlying mechanisms were elucidated by TG-DSC， XRD， and SEM analyses. Results show that increasing sintering temperature enhances compressive strength and bulk density while reducing water absorption across all sintered brick specimens. Conversely， higher fly ash content decreases the bulk density but increases the water absorption of sintered brick specimens. All sintered brick specimens exhibit an initial expansion followed by contraction as the sintering temperature increases. The volumetric change rate is negatively correlated with the fly ash content. At 1 000 ℃， compressive strength of sintered brick specimens continuously decreases with increasing fly ash content. In the range of 1 050~1 100 ℃， however， compressive strength increases first and then decreases. Microstructural analysis reveals that elevated sintering temperatures promote the formation of molten glass phase， resulting in a denser microstructure and facilitating crystallization of albite， anorthite， and diopside minerals， thereby enhancing compressive strength and reducing water absorption. These findings provide theoretical foundations for the industrial production of high-strength， low-cost sintered bricks entirely based on solid wastes.

Macro-Mechanical Properties and Microscopic-Mechanism of Coal Gangue Mixed Sand Concrete

ZOU Renhua, HU Xiaolong, FENG Zeping, NIU Gaohui, QIU Jisheng

2026, 45(4):  1266-1281.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0941

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In this study， coal gangue mixed sand concrete （CGMSG） was prepared by fully replacing river sand with coal gangue machine-made sand and aeolian sand at a mass ratio of 6∶4， and replacing natural coarse aggregate with coal gangue coarse aggregate at different mass fraction （0%， 20%， 40%， 60%， 80%， and 100%）. The basic mechanical properties and water absorption rate of CGMSG were measured， and the hydration mechanism and microscopic pore structure were studied by combining X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance technology. The results show that the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of CGMSG decrease with the increase of water-binder ratio and coal gangue coarse aggregate content， while the water absorption rate increases with the increase of both factors. The GM（1，1） grey prediction model established based on compressive strength can well reflect the development law of its strength. When the content of coal gangue coarse aggregate is 40% to 60%， the activity of coal gangue and the hydration of cement can be maximally exerted. Under different water-binder ratios and coal gengue coarse aggregate content， both the porosity and average pore size of CGMSG increase with the increase of water-binder ratio and coal gangue coarse aggregate content. The macro-pore porosity has the highest correlation with compressive strength， and the total pore volume has the lowest correlation with compressive strength.

Ion Transport and Mineral Phases Composition Evolution in Recycled Aggregate Concrete with Fly Ash-Metakaolin Exposed to Mg²⁺-SO₄^2--Cl^- Solution

LIU Dongming, YANG Guanfei, ZHU Huiguo, WANG Jiabin, HAN Huiyang

2026, 45(4):  1282-1295.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0945

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Saline soils widely distributed in western China contain aggressive ions of magnesium， sulfate and chloride， severely threatening the durability of recycled aggregate concrete （RAC） structures. A solution simulating the primary aggressive media of these soils—comprising 7.5% MgSO₄， 7.5% Na₂SO₄， and 5.0% NaCl （mass fraction）— was utilized for RAC salt attack experiments. Water-soluble contents of magnesium， sulfate， chloride， and calcium， and pH values were measured by solid-liquid extraction， potentiometry， and chemical titration methods to investigate the effect of metakaolin replacement ratio on ion content and transport behavior. Analysis of mineral composition of exposed RAC elucidates evolutionary patterns and influencing mechanisms. Results indicate that aggressive ion contents increase gradually with higher metakaolin replacement ratios， whereas calcium content and pH values decrease continuously. At equivalent exposure times， chloride exhibites the widest migration range within RAC， compared to the most restricte migration shown by magnesium. Changes in calcium concentration and pH are significantly influenced by magnesium and sulfate diffusion. Higher metakaolin replacement ratios result in a rapid decrease in the mineral composition of insoluble corrosion products and an increase in that of soluble corrosion products. Prolonged exposure times and greater exposure depths cause the mineral composition of corrosion products to transform from simple to complex， followed by progressive simplification. Simplified mineral compositon of corrosion products， or those consisting solely of hydration product phases， is observed in RAC subjected to either short-term exposure time or deeper exposure depths.

Mechanical Properties of Silica Fume and Glass Fiber Fully Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete

GUO Yangguang, QIN Yongjun, LUO Ling, CHEN Juncheng, LI Qi, CHENG Hao

2026, 45(4):  1296-1303.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0947

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To investigate the synergistic enhancement effects of silica fume and glass fiber on the mechanical properties of fully recycled coarse aggregate concrete （FRCAC）， natural coarse aggregates were fully replaced by recycled coarse aggregates to prepare FRCAC. Different content of silica fume （0%， 5% and 10%， mass fraction， the same below） and glass fiber （0%， 0.5%， 1.0% and 1.5%， volume fraction， the same below） were incorporated. The workability and mechanical properties （cubic compressive strength， splitting tensile strength， and flexural strength） of FRCAC were systematically tested， and its microstructure was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The results indicate that the synergistic effect of silica fume and glass fiber significantly enhances the mechanical properties of FRCAC. When the silica fume content is 10% and the glass fiber content is 1.0%， the 28 d cubic compressive strength， splitting tensile strength， and flexural strength of FRCAC increased by 26.1%， 49.2%， and 45.5%， respectively， compared to the control group without silica fume or glass fibers. Silica fume， through its filling effect and the formation of C-S-H gel via secondary hydration reactions， not only densifies the cement matrix but also improves the structure of the interfacial transition zone between the glass fibers and the cement matrix. This enhancement allow the crack-bridging and resistance effects of the fibers to be fully utilized. This study provides a theoretical support for advancing the resource utilization of construction waste.

Mechanical Properties and Water Resistance of Recycled Hydraulic Concrete with Silica Fume and Polyoxymethylene Fiber

CHEN Juncheng, LUO Ling, QIN Yongjun, GUO Yangguang, LI Qi, CHENG Hao

2026, 45(4):  1304-1314.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0900

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This paper mainly studied the influence of silica fume （SF） and polyoxymethylene （POM） fiber dosage on the mechanical properties and water resistance of recycled hydraulic concrete. Recycled coarse aggregate （RCA） from the Xinjiang region was selected for the experiment. Twelve mix proportions were designed to explore the influence of SF （0%， 5%， 10%， mass fraction） and POM fiber （0%， 0.3%， 0.6%， 0.9%， volume fraction） dosages on cube compressive strength， splitting tensile strength， flexural strength， softening coefficient， and capillary water absorption of recycled hydraulic concrete. The test results show that compared with the benchmark group without SF and POM fiber， the addition of 10% SF alone increases the 28 d cube compressive strength of the specimens by 16.49%. The addition of 0.6% POM fiber alone increases the 28 d splitting tensile strength of the specimens by 36.46%. The combined addition of 5% SF and 0.6% POM fiber increases the 28 d cube compressive strength， splitting tensile strength， and flexural strength of the specimens by 19.96%， 49.10%， and 43.94%， respectively. The addition of 5% SF and 0.3% POM fiber increases the softening coefficient by 10.88%， and the capillary water absorption at 672 h decreases by 26.38%， indicating that the combined addition leads to a more significant improvement in properties， and the mechanism is attributed to the optimization of the microstructure and reduction of micro-cracks. However， excessive addition （such as 10%SF+0.9%POM fiber） will lead to performance deterioration due to the agglomeration effect and competition for water. This study provides an optimized mix proportion scheme for high-performance recycled concrete used in water conservancy projects in Xinjiang region.

Effect of Alkali Equivalent on Properties of Phosphogypsum- Alkali-Activated Slag Foam Concrete

CHEN Zihan, GUO Yudong, LYU Qinfei, LIANG Yongning, JI Tao

2026, 45(4):  1315-1323.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0962

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The utilization of phosphogypsum and slag in the preparation of foam concrete is beneficial for the efficient use of solid wastes. In this study， CaO+Na₂CO₃ was fixed as activator， the phosphogypsum content was 50% （mass fraction）. The effects of different alkali equivalents （2.5%， 3.0%， 3.5%， and 4.0%， mass fraction） on properties of phosphogypsum-alkali-activated slag foam concrete （PAF） were investigated. The hydration products and pore characteristics were analyzed by XRD， TG-DTG， SEM and BSE. The results show that as the alkali equivalent increases from 2.5% to 4.0%， the fluidity， wet density， compressive strength and flexural strength of PAF decrease， while the water absorption and drying shrinkage increase. The softening coefficient increases first and then decreases， reaching a peak at 3.0%， indicating the best water resistance of sample. When the alkali equivalent is 3.0%， the formation of C-（A）-S-H gel and AFt crystals is maximized and uniformly distributed， the pore size is minimal， and the roundness approaches 1， forming a dense and continuous microstructure. Under this condition， PAF exhibits higher mechanical properties， lower water absorption， and reduced shrinkage deformation， resulting in the optimal overall performance. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the resource utilization of phosphogypsum and the mix proportion optimization of solid-waste-based foamed concrete.

Ceramics

Dielectric Property and Microwave Absorption Performance of Hot-Pressing Sintering SiCN Ceramics

LIU Hongrui, MA Denghao, CHEN Ke, CHENG Yehong, WANG Honglei, YU Jinshan, ZHOU Xingui

2026, 45(4):  1324-1334.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0934

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SiCN ceramics are recognized as a pivotal material system for meeting the urgent demand for lightweight， high-temperature resistant， and highly efficient microwave absorption in high-speed aircraft， owing to their low densities， exceptional thermal stability， and tunable dielectric properties. However， impedance mismatching remains a critical bottleneck restricting the further enhancement of their microwave absorption performance. Among various factors， heat-treatment temperature plays a key role in tailoring the impedance matching characteristics by modifying the phase composition and microstructure of SiCN ceramics. To address these， this work optimized the dielectric property and microwave absorption performance of SiCN ceramics by controlling the sintering temperature and fabricated SiCN ceramic specimens via a precursor pre-pyrolysis approach followed by hot-pressing sintering process at different temperatures. The complex permittivity of ceramic specimens was accurately characterized using the waveguide method. The results show that the SiCN ceramics prepared by hot-pressing sintering at 1 300 ℃ exhibits well-balanced dielectric properties and favorable impedance matching， leading to outstanding microwave absorption performance in both X-band and Ku-band， with effective absorption bandwidths reaching 2.86 and 4.42 GHz， respectively. The SiCN ceramics prepared by hot-pressing sintering at 1 400 ℃ exhibits a higher degree of graphitization and an excessively high complex permittivity， which causes impedance mismatching， leading to increased surface reflection and a decline in microwave absorption performance.

Preparation and Crystallization Kinetics Characterization of Red Oil Droplet Glaze

CHEN Dongli, WU Liaoxing, WANG Haibo

2026, 45(4):  1335-1345.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0975

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To implement the use of mineral resources from Panxi in ceramic glaze materials， this study successfully produced a red oil droplet glaze using kaolinite and vanadium-titanium magnetite from the Panxi region as raw materials through orthogonal and single-factor experimental optimization. The optimal process parameters are sintering at 1 250 ℃ with a holding time of 20 min. The resulting glaze surface exhibits round oil droplet patterns with a glossiness of 70.5 GU. XRD and Raman analysis confirm that the main crystalline phase in the glaze layer is α-Fe₂O₃， formed as a result of high-temperature oxidation of vanadium-titanium magnetite. The growth of oil droplets corresponds to the JMA kinetic model， with the highest rate constant （K=2.535） observed at a holding time of 20 min. After 30 min， the oil droplet coverage peak reaches 77.77%. The mechanism of firing mode control shows that an increase in temperature （1 240~1 260 ℃） promotes the growth of oil droplets， but exceeding 1 260 ℃ causes abnormal agglomeration due to a decrease in melt viscosity. Increasing the holding time （10~30 min） improves the uniformity of crystallization， but exceeding 30 min causes Ostwald ripening.

Effect of TEOS Doping Concentration on Microstructure of Tb₃Al₅O₁₂ Ceramics

DUAN Pingping, WAN Zhong, WANG Yinzhen, NING Jieni

2026, 45(4):  1346-1353.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0976

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Terbium aluminum garnet （Tb₃Al₅O₁₂， TAG） transparent ceramics is an ideal magneto-optical medium for the visible and near-infrared regions owing to its excellent properties. In this work， TAG ceramics with different tetraethyl orthosilicate （TEOS） doping concentrations were prepared via reactive sintering using commercial powders as raw materials. The deoxygenation reaction mechanism of Tb₄O₇ powder during heating was systematically investigated. Furthermore， the influence of TEOS doping concentration on the phase evolution and microstructure of TAG ceramics was revealed， and the correlation of sintering temperature and TEOS concentration with the relative density and grain size of the ceramics was elucidated. The results indicate that pre-calcination of Tb₄O₇ powder above 1 000 ℃ is necessary. By doping with 0.4% （mass fraction） TEOS， TAG ceramics with a relative density of 97% are obtained after sintering at 1 600 ℃. The as-sintered material exhibits an average grain size of about 3.7 μm and a microstructure free of intergranular pores. Subsequently， highly transparent TAG ceramics are obtained by post-sintering hot isostatic pressing （HIP） treatment of the pre-sintered bodies.

Influence of Particle Size of Glass Powder on Densification Behavior and Properties of CaO-B₂O₃-La₂O₃/Al₂O₃ LTCC Composite Material

LYU Zibin, CAO Yu, HE Kun, NA Hua, LYU Jinyu, HAI Yun, XU Bo, HAN Bin, WANG Yanhang, ZU Chengkui

2026, 45(4):  1354-1367.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1205

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Driven by the demands of microwave and high-speed communication applications， low temperature co-fired ceramic（LTCC） technology has attracted significant attention owing to their advantages in device miniaturization and high-frequency integration， where the particle size of glass powder serves as a key factor determining sintering behavior and performance of ceramic substrates. In this study， the CaO-B₂O₃-La₂O₃/Al₂O₃ LTCC composite materials were employed to systematically investigate the influence of particle size of glass powder on sintering densification and comprehensive material performance of sintered substrates. The crystalline phases and microstructures of the sintered substrates were characterized using X-ray diffraction （XRD）， thermomechanical analysis（TMA）， and scanning electron microscope（SEM）， while the dielectric properties across different frequencies were evaluated with a network analyzer. The results indicate that the particle size of glass powder directly affects the densification process and crystallization behavior of the material. When the particle size of glass powder is 1.64 μm and the distribution is concentrated， the green tapes exhibit the lowest surface roughness of 121 nm. The porosity of the sintered substrates is only 5.142%， showing the highest density of 3.129 g/cm³. At the same time， it has a maximum dielectric constant of 6.681（20 GHz） and a lower dielectric loss of 1.058×10^-3（20 GHz）， and the bending strength reaches a maximum of 217.946 MPa.. In contrast， excessively fine particle size of glass powder leads to slurry agglomeration and premature crystallization， causing mismatched densification and grain growth and ultimately deteriorating the final density. This study highlights the key role of particle size of glass powder on sintering behavior and provides a reference for the subsequent design of high-frequency LTCC composite materials.

Multi-Dimensional Evaluation of Low-Carbon Technologies in Ceramic Industry—Based on Entropy Weight-TOPSIS Model

NI Yaling, JIN Zihao, NIE Qing, HE Jie, DI Yang, CUI Jingxuan

2026, 45(4):  1368-1377.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0988

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As a high-energy-consuming and high-carbon-emitting industry， the ceramic industry is facing significant pressure to reduce emissions under China’s “dual carbon” goals.Low-carbon technologies are crucial for its transformation.This study systematically analyzed the current development status of low-carbon technologies in the ceramic industry， both demestically and globally， compiling a list of such technologies categorized into raw material substitution， ultra-high energy efficiency improvement， energy structure adjustment， and product structure adjustment. To scientifically evaluate these technologies， a comprehensive evaluation system was established， comprising 12 indicators across six dimensions： energy consumption， technical efficiency， economic benefits， pollution control， carbon reduction effectiveness， and policy orientation. The entropy weight-TOPSIS model was adopted for comprehensive analysis. The entropy weight method was used to determine the weights of each indicator. The results show that energy saving and carbon emission reduction are the core concerns， with the technology penetration rate and technology energy saving rate being the most critical decision-making indicators. The weights of energy consumption and carbon emission reduction are also significant. The entropy weight-TOPSIS method is applied to evaluate 10 low-carbon technologies already implemented in the ceramic industry. The results indicat that ceramic thinning technology （0.76）， raw material dry preparation technology （0.58）， coal-to-gas conversion technology （0.49）， and waste heat utilization technology （0.43） have high relative closeness scores， making them the currently recommended priority options. Ammonia-hydrogen zero-carbon combustion technology had the lowest relative closeness. Technologies such as continuous raw material slurry preparation systems， integrated powder preparation processes， and photovoltaic power generation are at a medium level.Through multidimensional evaluation， this study reveals the priority sequence of low-carbon technologies in the ceramic industry， providing a decision-making reference for technology selection in the industry’s green and low-carbon transition.

Glass

Determination of Crystallization Rate in Simulated High Level Radioactive Waste Glass

HAN Wei, GUO Zijian, CUI Zhu, LI Xinyang, CAI Hanmei, JIAO Yunjie, WANG Xiaoyun, GUO Zhongbao

2026, 45(4):  1378-1385.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0918

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Crystallization rate serves as a critical indicator for assessing the thermal performance of high level radioactive waste glass， reflecting their crystallization propensity. However， due to the predominantly complex amorphous phase of high level radioactive waste glass， the proportion of crystalline substances generated during heat treatment is negligible， making accurate quantification of their content extremely challenging. This study utilized XRD Rietveld whole-pattern fitting refinement to analyze the crystalline phase composition of simulated high level radioactive waste glass. Additionally， it systematically examined factors that influence the accuracy of crystallization rate determination， including internal standards and scanning rates. The results demonstrate that utilizing the XRD Rietveld whole-pattern fitting refinement method with zinc oxide as the internal standard and a scanning rate of 1 （°）/min， the precision of crystallization rate exhibits less than 5%. The recovery rates for various crystalline phase content and crystallization rate range between 98% and 108%. The method is accuracy and reliability.

Comparative Method for Determining Effective Thickness of Composite Glass Based on Comparative Test

CAO Dake, LIU Xiaogen, AI Xiang, YANG Zhe, YIN Rui, ZHANG Aonan

2026, 45(4):  1386-1397.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1216

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With the development of architectural science and the continuous improvement of engineering demand， composite glass， such as laminated glass and vacuum glazing， is being increasingly applied in building engineering. The mechanical behaviour of composite glass is complex， equivalent thickness is usually used to simplify the calculation and analysis process， and the current methodologies for determining its effective thickness exhibit limitations when applied to multi?layer or specially configured structures. This paper proposed an experimental method for determining the effective thickness based on comparative tests. Four?point bending tests were conducted to measure the bending stresses of monolithic glass and composite glass under identical loading and supporting conditions. The effective thickness of the composite glass was then calculated through a comparative formulation. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is applicable to various composite glass structures， including laminated glass， vacuum glazing， and vacuum-laminated composite glass. Compared with methods from current standards and measured values of the test show that the obtained effective thickness calculated by this proposed method offers satisfactory accuracy. Furthermore， a theoretical model based on the bending?tensile strength theory of laminated beams was introduced to validate the effective thickness of laminated glass， providing additional confirmation of the proposed method’s reliability.

Reliable Sealing Technology for Phosphate Glass and Copper Based on Interface Reinforcement

LAN Yang, WANG Yanhang, YIN Xianyin, LIAO Qilong, WANG Fu, ZHU Hanzhen

2026, 45(4):  1398-1407.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1190

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In response to the demand for high-reliability applications in the field of electronic packaging， a novel sealing process of phosphate glass based on copper substrate has been developed. Through a stepwise pre-oxidation treatment of the copper substrate in a muffle furnace and a tube furnace， a dense Cu₂O transition layer with a thickness of approximately 1.81 μm was successfully constructed on its surface. The thermal behavior and crystallization characteristics of the phosphate glass were systematically investigated. Results indicate an exothermic crystallization peak near 632 ℃， with the primary crystalline phase being BaZnP₂O₇. Complete melting and spreading of the glass on the pre-oxidized copper substrate are achieved at 555 ℃. Within the sealing temperature range of 560~580 ℃， the glass exhibits good wettability on the Cu₂O layer. The sealed devices demonstrates excellent hermeticity （helium leakage rate below 1×10^-10 Pa·m³·s^-1） and shear strength （peak value of （110.5±13.0） MPa）. After undergoing 100 thermal cycles between room temperature and 100 ℃， the key performance metrics of the sealed devices show no significant degradation， indicating good service reliability of the sealing system.

Functional Materials

Research Progress on Superhydrophobic Coatings Materials: from Design Principles to Applications

HUO Mingda, YANG Yang, QU Haoyang, REN Junbo, SUN Xiaohong, XIAO Kaiye

2026, 45(4):  1408-1422.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0904

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Superhydrophobic coatings， as a novel functional material， effectively prevent liquid penetration and find extensive applications across multiple fields including anti-icing， metal corrosion protection， oil-water separation， drag reduction， anti-fouling and self-cleaning， and antibacterial surfaces. They provide effective solutions to persistent challenges in various industries. This review systematically summarizes the definition， design principles， and advanced fabrication processes of superhydrophobic coatings， along with their diverse applications. It critically analyzes prevailing challenges in mechanical stability， environmental resistance， and preparation process， proposing targeted mitigation strategies. Furthermore， the review outlines future development trends of superhydrophobic coatings， offering theoretical underpinnings for the research and development of next-generation superhydrophobic materials.

Research Progress on Growth of CsPbBr₃ Single Crystals by Inverse Temperature Crystallization

HU Jianing, BU Hengyong

2026, 45(4):  1423-1432.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0981

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CsPbBr₃ single crystals， as a prominent class of all inorganic perovskite semiconductor materials， have attracted considerable research interest due to their remarkable properties including high density， high resistivity， and excellent charge carrier transport capabilities. These advantages equip them with great potential for applications in various cutting edge fields such as radiation detectors， photodetectors， and light-emitting diodes. However， their further development and practical deployment still face with dual challenges associated with defect control in large volume crystal growth and cost-effective manufacturing. Therefore， this paper comprehensively reviews the research progress of CsPbBr₃ single crystal growth via inverse temperature crystallization （ITC）. The critical factors affecting crystal quality， including solvent selection， solute concentration regulation， interfacial tension induction mechanism， and solubility-temperature dependence， are systematically analyzed. Effective strategies such as additive incorporation and seed crystal guidance are proposed to optimize crystal growth. Furthermore， the unique advantages of CsPbBr₃ single crystals in photoelectric detectors， such as high carrier mobility and long diffusion length， are highlighted. Finally， the development trend of this material in radiation monitoring， medical diagnosis， and other fields is discussed， providing theoretical and technical references for subsequent research.

Effects of Dispersants on Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity of Sol-Gel-Derived La(TiMnCoNiCu)O₃ High-Entropy Oxides

QI Zhihong, LI Ke, SHEN Hongfang, MA Congcong, MA Hui

2026, 45(4):  1433-1444.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1017

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Perovskite-type high-entropy oxides （HEPs） have significant degradation effects on some antibiotics due to their unique structure. Currently， there is a lack of research on the effects of dispersants dosages on the photocatalytic performance of HEPs prepared via sol-gel method. In this paper， La（TiMnCoNiCu）O₃ （LTMCNCO） nanoparticles with n-type semiconductor properties were synthesized by calcination at 850 ℃ by sol-gel method. The effect of dispersant ethylene glycol dosage on the performance of LTMCNCO nanoparticles was systematically studied. The results show that when the mole ratio of metal ions to ethylene glycol is 1∶2， LTMCNCO nanoparticles exhibit excellent electrochemical performance. The instantaneous photocurrent density is 3.95 μA·cm^-2， its flat band potential and band gap are -0.539 eV and 1.12 eV respectively， and the conduction band and valence band energies are -0.539 and +0.581 eV respectively. Under the driven of visible light， when the light reaction lasts for 150 min， the maximum photodegradation rates of LTMCNCO nanoparticles for 10 mg·L^-1 levofloxacin （AHS）， ciprofloxacin （CIP）， and tetracycline hydrochloride （Tc-HCl） reach 20.2%， 50.4%， and 79.9%， respectively. The free radical capture experiments indicate that the photocatalytic activity of LTMCNCO nanoparticles is mainly caused by hydroxyl radicals （·OH）， superoxide radicals （·O{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-}） and holes （h⁺）. The narrow bandgap characteristics and lattice distortion effect of LTMCNCO nanoparticles increase the density of surface-active sites， thereby significantly improving the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of pollutants.

Road Materials

Engineering Characteristics and Microscopic Mechanism of Expansive Soil Improved by Carbide Slag

YUAN Xiaoqing, ZHAO Xiangming, NIU Cencen, LIU Tiantian, GOU Yilin

2026, 45(4):  1445-1458.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0923

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Addressing the engineering geological disasters caused by the swelling-shrinking deformation and deteriorating mechanical properties of expansive soil in Yanbian area， Jilin Province， the improvement of expansive soil using carbide slag as a solidification material was studied in this paper. The expansion characteristics of carbide slag-improved expansive soil were explored through tests on free expansion rate， unloaded expansion rate， and expansion force. The strength and water stability characteristics of carbide slag-improved expansive soil were studied through unconfined compressive strength， direct shear， and water stability tests. The mechanism of carbide slag-improved expansive soil was investigated through tests on limit moisture content， conductivity， pH value， particle size distribution， X-ray diffraction， and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that the incorporation of carbide slag can inhibit the expansion characteristics of expansive soil and enhance the strength and water stability of the soil. The improvement effect is optimal when using 8% （mass fraction） carbide slag. The ion exchange reaction between carbide slag and expansive soil leads to flocculation and agglomeration of particles， resulting in a decrease in the clay particle content and an increase in the sand particle content of the improved expansive soil， as well as a reduction in the plasticity index. The high pH value of carbide slag provides a favorable alkaline environment for the pozzolanic reaction， and the hydrated calcium silicate and calcium silicoaluminate formed by hydration， along with calcium carbonate formed by carbonation， jointly bond and harden the soil particles to form a dense overall structure， thereby enhancing the strength of the improved expansive soil.

Direct Shear Behavior of Segment Precast UHPC Big Shear Key Epoxy Joints

CHEN Weizhong, LI Mingyang, MAI Peng, ZHOU Xuan, LIU Xucong

2026, 45(4):  1459-1470.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0939

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To investigate the optimal shear key depth h and shear key root height H ratio and shear key inclination angle θ in engineering design， this study conducted direct shear tests on ultra-high performance concrete （UHPC） big shear key epoxy joints to explore their shear performance and failure mechanisms. Based on the ABAQUS finite element model （FEM） validated by experiments， the influences of parameters such as lateral prestress σ， θ， and h on the failure mode， failure mechanism， and shear bearing capacity of shear key specimens were analyzed using the control variable method and orthogonal experimental design. The formula for calculating the shear bearing capacity of UHPC big shear key epoxy joints was proposed. The results show that the failure modes of the specimens are primarily categorized into direct shear failure at shear key root， slip failure along epoxy joint interface， and shear-compression failure. For engineering applications， the recommended ranges for h/H and θ are 0.19≤h/H≤0.30 and 15°≤θ≤27°， respectively. The ratio for theoretical calculation value and the FEM value with difference lateral prestress， inclination angle and shear key depth is between 0.88 to 1.14， with an average value of 0.94.

Wear Resistance of Coarse Aggregate Based on Abrasion Characteristics and Mineral Composition

CHEN Geng, LI Xiaolong, HOU Jianwei, JIA Jingpeng

2026, 45(4):  1471-1482.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0979

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In order to reveal the surface abrasion mechanism of rock aggregate from the mesoscopic scale， the chemical composition and mineral characteristics of basalt， granite， limestone and bauxite were analysed by XRF and XRD. Subsequently， the Taribolab test was used to test the friction and abrasion of various types of coarse aggregates， and the quantitative characterisation of the abrasion process was realised by combining the three-dimensional reconstruction of white light interference. Ultimately， the equivalent Mohs hardness H_EMH and aggregate hardness parameter H_AHP were utilised as the macroscopic mechanical strength indexes of aggregate post-mineral homogenisation. In addition， prediction models of aggregate wear resistance were established based on H_EMH and H_AHP， respectively. The results demonstrate that the friction coefficient of basalt， granite and bauxite increases rapidly and then stabilises during the abrasion test. The increasing period of limestone friction coefficient is slightly delayed. Finally， the stable value from highest to lowest， is as follows： limestone， granite， basalt and bauxite. A systematic comparison was made of wear resistance evaluation indexes， including the maximum abrasion depth， abrasion volume， abrasion quality and abrasion rate of the four types of aggregates， based on the morphological characteristics of the abrasion area. It was proposed that the abrasion rate should be used as the preferred index to characterize the wear resistance of the aggregate. Concurrently， the prediction models reveal that the accuracy of the model established solely by H_EMH and H_AHP are below 0.92. In consideration of the adhesion effect in the wear process， the friction coefficient is introduced to rectify the fitting results of the prediction model. Following the implementation of the correction， there is a substantial enhancement in the fitting coefficient of the hardness index and the abrasion rate， which reaches a value greater than 0.97.