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BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (1): 145-155.DOI: 10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0606

• Solid Waste and Eco-Materials • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Research Progress on Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers and Their Application in Conservation of Grottoes

YANG Gangliang1,2(), MIAO Xiaobin1, YAN Shaojun3   

  1. 1. Conservation and Archaeology of Cultural Relic Department,Luoyang Polytechnic,Luoyang 471000,China
    2. Longmen Grottoes Academy,Luoyang 471023,China
    3. Shaanxi Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage,Xi’an 710075,China
  • Received:2025-06-23 Revised:2025-10-09 Online:2026-01-20 Published:2026-02-10

Abstract:

The conservation of grottoes, including water damage control and restoration, has extremely high requirements for the compatibility of physical-mechanical properties and weather resistance of materials. Metakaolin (MK), a highly active pozzolanic material, serves as a raw material for geopolymers that demonstrate exceptional stability and durability. In recent years, these geopolymers have been increasingly applied in grottoes conservation. When the MK precursor is mixed with an alkaline solution, silicon and aluminum tetrahedra polymerize to form an initial polymer with Si—O—Al—O bonds, which further undergoes polycondensation to create a stable, three-dimensional network gel material—known as metakaolin-based geopolymer (MKG). The properties of MKG are closely related to factors such as the composition of the MK, the type of alkaline activator, and temperature. However, its practical application and effectiveness in cultural heritage conservation are usually constrained by challenges like salt alkali resistance and specific service environments. Therefore, it is imperative to integrate advancements in materials science with the specific needs of cultural relic conservation to enhance the application and performance of MKG in preservation practices.

Key words: grotto, heritage conservation, geopolymer, polymerization mechanism, metakaolin, alkaline activator

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