复合光纤界面残余应力研究进展

doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1067

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在光纤制备过程中，芯层与包层材料参数差异及冷却速率、拉制速度等工艺因素，导致界面产生残余应力，该应力对光纤的光学性能和服役寿命具有重要影响。本文围绕光纤界面残余应力问题，系统综述了近年来基于理论计算、数值模拟和物理模拟等方法在冻结残余应力、热致残余应力和机械残余应力的形成机理与影响后果方面的研究进展，并对光弹性法、微拉曼光谱法和布里渊散射法等界面残余应力表征技术进行了总结与分析，旨在为高性能光纤的制备及界面残余应力的精确调控与表征提供参考。

关键词: 光纤, 界面残余应力, 理论计算, 数值模拟, 物理模拟, 表征技术

Abstract:

During the the fabrication of optical fibers， differences in the material parameters between the core and cladding， as well as process factors such as cooling rate and drawing speed， lead to the generation of interfacial residual stress，which significantly affects the optical performance and service life of optical fibers. This paper focuses on the issue of interfacial residual stress in optical fibers， systematically reviews recent research progress on the formation mechanisms and effects of frozen-in residual stress， thermally induced residual stress， and mechanically induced residual stress， achieved through methods such as theoretical analysis， numerical simulation， and physical modeling. Furthermore， characterization techniques for interfacial residual stress， including photoelastic method， micro-Raman spectroscopy， and Brillouin scattering method， are summarized and discussed. The aim is to provide a reference for the preparation of high-performance optical fibers and the precise control and characterization of interfacial residual stress.

Key words: optical fiber, interfacial residual stress, theoretical calculation, numerical simulation, physical modeling, characterization technique

中图分类号:

TN253

付文浩, 黄永刚, 孙诗兵, 焦朋, 金晓冬. 复合光纤界面残余应力研究进展[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2026, 45(3): 1006-1017.

FU Wenhao, HUANG Yonggang, SUN Shibing, JIAO Peng, JIN Xiaodong. Research Progress on Interfacial Residual Stress of Composite Optical Fibers[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(3): 1006-1017.

图/表 13

表1 三种残余应力对比［4］

Table 1 Comparison of three types of residual stresses［4］

Residual stress type	Main source	Main influencing factor
Freeze residual stress	Viscoelastic difference	Cooling rate， viscosity gradient， glass composition
Thermally induced residual stress	Mismatched coefficient of thermal expansion	Difference in thermal expansion coefficient
Mechanical residual stress	Difference between external load and viscoelasticity	Drawing tension， drawing speed， viscosity

图1 光纤在不同温度下退火1 h后的轴向应力分布［6］

Fig.1 Axial stress distribution diagram of optical fiber after annealing for 1 h at different temperatures［6］

表2 采用有限元分析法计算的室温下碳纤维增强塑料层合板中嵌入的三个光纤布拉格光栅传感器核心处的横向热致残余应变［14］

Table 2 Transverse thermal residual strain at the cores of three fiber Bragg grating sensors embedded in carbon fiber reinforced plastic laminates calculated using the finite element analysis method at room temperature［14］

FBG sensor type	ε_x /%	ε_y /%	\|ε_x -ε_y \|/%
Uncoated normal FBG sensor	0.058 8	-0.071 0	0.129 8
Polyimide-coated normal FBG sensor	0.048 2	-0.055 6	0.103 8
Polyimide-coated small-diameter FBG sensor	0.042 6	-0.053 4	0.096 0

图2 热致残余应力分布特征［15］

Fig.2 Distribution characteristics of thermally induced residual stress［15］

图3 CO2刻写光栅示意图与模拟结果［16］

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of CO2 engraving grating and simulation results［16］

图4 残余应力数值模拟结果［19］

Fig.4 Numerical simulation results of residual stress［19］

图5 原理图与实验测试装置示意图［20］

Fig.5 Schematic diagram and experimental test device schematic diagram［20］

图6 光纤变径系统示意图与边界条件设置［27］

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of fiber optic variable diameter system and boundary condition setting［27］

图7 基于抽样的随机分析的化学图解［29］

Fig.7 Chemical diagram of random analysis based on sampling［29］

图8 实验装置原理图［28］

Fig.8 Schematic diagram of experimental device［28］

图9 SiC纤维、前驱丝和复合材料中沿纤维径向

Fig.9 Value and distribution of residual stresses along

图10 碳化硅纤维在CVI制造过程中不同阶段的残余应力的值和分布［35］拉曼光谱［37］

Fig.10 Raman spectra of silicon carbide fiber at different radial direction of SiC fibers， precursor fibers， and stages of CVI manufacturing process［37］ composite materials［35］

图11 三种布里渊散射的实验装置［40］

Fig.11 Experimental devices for three types of Brillouin scattering［40］

参考文献 40

[1]	何海军，邹喜华，蒲正宇，等. 光纤通信传感一体化研究进展［J］. 光学学报， 2025， 45（13）： 22-47.
	HE H J， ZOU X H， PU Z Y， et al. Research advances of fiber-based integrated sensing and communication［J］. Acta Optica Sinica， 2025， 45（13）： 22-47 （in Chinese）.
[2]	王洁玉，童峥嵘，曹　晔，等. 光纤光栅激光传感器的研究现状及其应用［J］. 光通信技术， 2012， 36（4）： 19-21.
	WANG J Y， TONG Z R， CAO Y， et al. The current research and application for optical fiber grating laser sensor［J］. Optical Communication Technology， 2012， 36（4）： 19-21 （in Chinese）.
[3]	张旭苹，张益昕，王　亮，等. 分布式光纤传感技术研究和应用的现状及未来［J］. 光学学报， 2024， 44（1）： 3-65.
	ZHANG X P， ZHANG Y X， WANG L， et al. Current status and future of research and applications for distributed fiber optic sensing technology［J］. Acta Optica Sinica， 2024， 44（1）： 3-65 （in Chinese）.
[4]	PAGNOTTA L， POGGIALINI A. Measurement of residual internal stresses in optical fiber preforms［J］. Experimental Mechanics， 2003， 43（1）： 69-76.
[5]	YABLON A D， YAN M F， WISK P， et al. Anomalous refractive index changes in optical fibers resulting from frozen-in viscoelastic strain［C］//OFC 2003 Optical Fiber Communications Conference， 2003. March 28-28， 2003， Atlanta， GA， USA. IEEE， 2004： PD6-1.
[6]	SHIN I H， JU S， VEETIL S P， et al. Simple model for frozen-in viscoelastic stress in optical fibers［J］. Optics Communications， 2008， 281（9）： 2504-2508.
[7]	YABLON A D. Stresses and strains frozen into optical fibers［C］//Optical Fiber Communication Conference， 2004. OFC 2004. February 23-27， 2004， Los Angeles， CA， USA. IEEE， 2004： 325.
[8]	SHIN I H， KIM B H， VEETIL S P， et al. Residual stress relaxation in cleaved fibers［J］. Optics Communications， 2008， 281（1）： 75-79.
[9]	PORITSKY H. Analysis of thermal stresses in sealed cylinders and the effect of viscous flow during anneal［J］. Physics， 1934， 5（12）： 406-411.
[10]	PAEK U C， KURKJIAN C R. Calculation of cooling rate and induced stresses in drawing of optical fibers［J］. Journal of the American Ceramic Society， 1975， 58（7/8）： 330-335.
[11]	SUHIR E. Thermally induced stresses in an optical glass fiber soldered into a ferrule［J］. Journal of Lightwave Technology， 1994， 12（10）：1766-1770.
[12]	BACHMANN P K， HERMANN W， WEHR H， et al. Stress in optical waveguides. 2： fibers［J］. Applied Optics， 1987， 26（7）： 1175-1182.
[13]	NAKAJIMA Y， JANAKA H， MOCHIZUKI K， et al. A study for estimating thermal strain and thermal stress in optical fiber coatings［J］. Furukawa Review， 2008， 34： 8-12.
[14]	OKABE Y， YASHIRO S， TSUJI R， et al. Effect of thermal residual stress on the reflection spectrum from fiber Bragg grating sensors embedded in CFRP laminates［J］. Composites Part A： Applied Science and Manufacturing， 2002， 33（7）： 991-999.
[15]	GUO Y， WANG Y Q， GUO G Y， et al. Finite element analysis of the thermal residual stress distribution in the interphase of unidirectional fiber-reinforced resin matrix composites［J］. Composite Interfaces， 2018， 25（9）： 823-838.
[16]	COELHO J M P， NESPEREIRA M， ABREU M， et al. 3D finite element model for writing long-period fiber gratings by CO₂ laser radiation［J］. Sensors， 2013， 13（8）： 10333-10347.
[17]	黄姝一. 保偏光纤应力分布与双折射特性的数值分析［J］. 传感器技术与应用， 2025， 13（3）： 490-500.
	HUANG S Y. Numerical analysis of stress distribution and birefringence characteristics of polarization-maintaining fiber［J］. Journal of Sensor Technology and Application， 2025， 13（3）： 490-500 （in Chinese）.
[18]	KAMENSKIKH A A， SAKHABUTDINOVA L， STRAZHEC Y A， et al. Assessment of the influence of protective polymer coating on panda fiber performance based on the results of multivariant numerical simulation［J］. Polymers， 2023， 15（23）： 4610.
[19]	杨　帆，王宇东，马保吉，等. 光纤线包固化残余应变应力与变形数值模拟［J］. 弹箭与制导学报， 2023， 43（2）： 12-19.
	YANG F， WANG Y D， MA B J， et al. Residual stress-strain and numerical simulation of deformation on fiber optic cable package curing［J］. Journal of Projectiles， Rockets， Missiles and Guidance， 2023， 43（2）： 12-19 （in Chinese）.
[20]	BRUNO L， PAGNOTTA L， POGGIALINI A. A full-field method for measuring residual stresses in optical fiber［J］. Optics and Lasers in Engineering， 2006， 44（6）： 577-588.
[21]	ANUSZKIEWICZ A， BIDUS M， FILIPKOWSKI A， et al. Experimental analysis of axial stress distribution in nanostructured core fused silica fibers［J］. Optical Materials Express， 2019， 9（11）： 4370.
[22]	GLAESEMANN G S， SMITH J A， CLARK D A， et al. Measuring thermal and mechanical stresses on optical fiber in a DC module using fiber Bragg gratings［J］. Journal of Lightwave Technology， 2005， 23（11）： 3461-3468.
[23]	田野，段超，谭滔，等. 基于光纤布拉格光栅的残余应力测试技术研究进展［J］. 激光与光电子学进展， 2023， 60（11）： 102-112.
	TIAN Y， DUAN C， TAN T， et al. Research progress of residual stress measurement techniques based on fiber bragg gratings［J］. Laser and Optoelectronics Progress， 2023， 60（11）： 102-112 （in Chinese）.
[24]	PAEK U C. Free drawing and polymer coating of silica glass optical fibers［J］. Journal of Heat Transfer， 1999， 121（4）： 774-788.
[25]	TSIBINOGINA M K， ERONYAN M A. Unstrengthening mechanism of silica optical fiber drawn at low temperatures［J］. Silicon， 2025， 17（18）： 4429-4437.
[26]	VENKATASUBBAIAH K， SINGH M. Numerical simulation of optical fiber behavior during the cooling stage of drawing process［J］. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers， Part E： Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering， 2015， 229（3）： 179-191.
[27]	LIU J H， ZHENG L L. Control of stress distribution during large radius fiber optic taper drawing process based on 2D simulation［J］. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids， 2023， 616： 122466.
[28]	CHOUFFART Q， SIMON P， TERRAPON V E. Numerical and experimental study of the glass flow and heat transfer in the continuous glass fiber drawing process［J］. Journal of Materials Processing Technology， 2016， 231： 75-88.
[29]	MAWARDI A， PITCHUMANI R. Numerical simulations of an optical fiber drawing process under uncertainty［J］. Journal of Lightwave Technology， 2008， 26（5）： 580-587.
[30]	ABE T， MITSUNAGA Y， KOGA H. Photoelastic computer tomography： a novel measurement method for axial residual stress profile in optical fibers［J］. Journal of the Optical Society of America A， 1986， 3（1）： 133-138.
[31]	PARK Y， AHN T J， KIM Y H， et al. Novel technique for measuring the residual stress and the photoelastic effect profile of an optical fiber［J］. 2001： TuM4.
[32]	CHU P L， WHITBREAD T. Measurement of stresses in optical fiber and preform［J］. Applied Optics， 1982， 21（23）： 4241-4245.
[33]	WISSUCHEK D J， PONADER C W， PRICE J J. Analysis of residual stress in optical fiber［J］. Optical Fiber Reliability and Testing， 1999， 3848： 34-43.
[34]	XU Z W， HE Z D， SONG Y， et al. Topic review： application of Raman spectroscopy characterization in micro/nano-machining［J］. Micromachines， 2018， 9（7）： 361.
[35]	NIU X X， ZHANG H Q， PEI Z L， et al. Measurement of interfacial residual stress in SiC fiber reinforced Ni-Cr-Al alloy composites by Raman spectroscopy［J］. Journal of Materials Science & Technology， 2019， 35（1）： 88-93.
[36]	GOUADEC G， COLOMBAN P， BANSAL N P， et al. Raman study of hi-nicalon-fiber-reinforced celsian composites： II， residual stress in fibers［J］. Journal of the American Ceramic Society， 2001， 84（5）： 1136-1142.
[37]	NANCE J， SUBHASH G， SANKAR B， et al. Measurement of residual stress in silicon carbide fibers of tubular composites using Raman spectroscopy［J］. Acta Materialia， 2021， 217： 117164.
[38]	DRAGIC P， BALLATO J. A brief review of specialty optical fibers for Brillouin-scattering-based distributed sensors［J］. Applied Sciences， 2018， 8（10）： 1996.
[39]	PICCOLO A， LECIEUX Y， LESOILLE S， et al. Performance assessment of distributed strain sensing techniques for convergence monitoring of radioactive waste repository［J］. Sensors， 2023， 23（1）： 398.
[40]	WOLFF C， SMITH M J A， STILLER B， et al. Brillouin scattering： theory and experiment： tutorial［J］. Journal of the Optical Society of America B， 2021， 38（4）： 1243.