冻融循环时多场耦合下混凝土中氯离子传输的数值模拟研究

doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2026.0279

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

服役状态下混凝土材料容易遭受冻融循环、干湿交替、氯盐侵蚀等多重破坏作用，所以揭示多场耦合作用下氯离子传输机制对准确开展混凝土耐久性评估具有重要意义。本工作首先基于不规则骨料堆积结构，构建了混凝土三相细观模型，然后使用多物理场数值模拟方法探究了冻融循环次数、温度范围、冻结时长与融化时长比、盐溶液浓度对氯离子传输行为的影响。研究结果表明，考虑冻融过程中温度与孔隙含冰量的梯度分布及水分对流效应后，模拟结果与试验数据十分吻合。冻融循环对孔隙结构造成的损伤，在100次循环后使氯离子扩散系数提升了34.40倍；更大温度范围、冻结时长与融化时长比都有助于提升水分流速，而后者还可使孔隙冰对传输路径的阻碍作用减弱，氯离子传输过程因而得到促进；盐溶液浓度升高虽然会减弱水分对流效应，但增大了氯离子浓度梯度并抑制了孔隙冰生成，氯离子传输速率总体仍会增加。

关键词: 混凝土, 冻融循环, 多场耦合, 数值模拟, 水分传输, 氯离子传输, 耐久性

Abstract:

Concrete in service is often subjected to various harsh environments， including freeze-thaw cycles， alternate wetting and drying and chloride ion corrosion. Consequently， the issues of chloride salt erosion in concrete gradually become prominent and attract a lot of attention in recent years， since it acts as a serious threaten to the service life of concrete materials. Once freeze-thaw cycles happen， a periodic variation in the temperature does not only induce the transition of water into ice， but also results in a damaged pore structure and occurred water convection phenomenon. On one hand， the changes in temperature can directly affect the diffusion rate of chloride ion. On the other hand， the pore ice would block the transport channels of chloride ion， while the water convection effect induced by pore pressure and cryosuction pressure could promote the movement of chloride ion as well. Moreover， the aggregates of arbitrary shape in concrete also have a significant influence on the transport of chloride ion. Unfortunately， existing studies often simply treat concrete as a homogeneous material， and its actual shape on chloride ion transport is just ignored. Hence， in order to reveal the mechanism of chloride ion transport in concrete under multi-field coupling effects during freeze-thaw cycles， the morphological characteristics of real aggregates and multi-field coupling effects during freeze-thaw cycles should be all taken into account.In this work， a three-phase concrete model at meso-scale was first built in which irregular aggregate packing structure was carefully considered. A multiphysics numerical simulation method was then employed to study the chloride transport process in concrete under different conditions. The model’s accuracy and applicability were compared to experimental results and a good agreement was observed in case the gradient distributions of temperature and pore ice content during freeze-thaw cycles， along with the water convection effect were taken into account. Afterwards， the influences of the number of freeze-thaw cycles， temperature range， freeze-thaw time ratio and salt solution concentration on the behavior of chloride ion transport were further investigated.The results show a damaged pore structure caused by freeze-thaw effect after 100 cycles enables the specimen’s chloride ion diffusion coefficient to be enlarged by 34.40 times. In case the water convection effect is neglected， the obtained chloride transport depth and average concentration in concrete are reduced by 5 mm and 1.16 times， respectively. Meanwhile， a wider temperature range and a higher freeze-thaw time ratio contribute to an increased temperature gradient inside concrete during thawing， thereby enhancing water flow velocity， but the latter can also diminish the blocking effect of pore ice on transport path， so the chloride ion transport process is still facilitated. Although an increase in salt solution concentration would weaken the water convection effect， the chloride concentration gradient is raised and the formation of pore ice is inhibited， resulting in an elevated chloride ion transport rate.

Key words: concrete, freeze-thaw cycle, multi-field coupling, numerical simulation, water transport, chloride ion transport, durability

中图分类号:

TU528

李凯, 高长天, 史才军. 冻融循环时多场耦合下混凝土中氯离子传输的数值模拟研究[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2026, 45(9): 3043-3054.

LI Kai, GAO Changtian, SHI Caijun. Numerical Simulation on Chloride Ion Transport in Concrete under Freeze-Thaw Cycles by Considering Multi-Field Coupling[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(9): 3043-3054.

图/表 16

图1 混凝土三相细观模型

Fig.1 Three-phase model for concrete at meso-scale

图2 冻融循环作用下氯离子传输过程

Fig.2 Transport process of chloride ions under freeze-thaw cycles

表1 冻融循环作用下氯离子扩散试验参数

Table 1 Experimental parameters for chloride ion diffusion under freeze-thaw cycles

Experiment

Specimen dimension/mm³

W/C

Particle size

range/mm

Freeze-thaw temperature/℃

Freeze-thaw

time

NaCl solution concentration

（mass fraction）/%

Number of freeze-thaw cycles

Liao et al^［5］

100

×

100

×

Freeze 12 h + thaw 12 h

3.5

Sun et al ^［17］

100

×

100

×

Freeze 2 h + thaw 2 h

5.0

表1 冻融循环作用下氯离子扩散试验参数

Table 1 Experimental parameters for chloride ion diffusion under freeze-thaw cycles

Experiment

Specimen dimension/mm³

W/C

Particle size

range/mm

Freeze-thaw temperature/℃

Freeze-thaw

time

NaCl solution concentration

（mass fraction）/%

Number of freeze-thaw cycles

Liao et al^［5］

100

×

100

×

100

0.5

5~20

-12~22

Freeze 12 h + thaw 12 h

3.5

Sun et al ^［17］

100

×

100

×

100

0.4

5~16

-12~5

Freeze 2 h + thaw 2 h

5.0

图3 计算所得氯离子浓度分布与试验结果对比

Fig.3 Comparison of calculated chloride ion concentration distribution with experimental results

图4 不同冻融循环时长后混凝土中氯离子浓度分布和平均浓度

Fig.4 Distribution of chloride ion concentration and average concentration in concrete after various freeze-thaw cycles

图5 临界孔径损伤因子、最可几孔径损伤因子和孔隙率影响因子随冻融次数变化情况

Fig.5 Variations in tcp， γmp and fφ at various freeze-thaw cycles

图6 单次循环中处于最低环境温度时混凝土内部温度分布

Fig.6 Distribution of temperature in concrete at the lowest ambient temperature during a single cycle

图7 单次循环中处于最低环境温度时混凝土中孔隙含冰量分布

Fig.7 Distribution of pore ice content in concrete at the lowest ambient temperature during a single cycle

图8 单次循环中融化阶段水分流速分布

Fig.8 Distribution of water flow velocity at melting stage during a single cycle

图9 不同温度范围试件经历冻融循环作用后氯离子浓度分布和平均浓度

Fig.9 Distribution of chloride ion concentration and average concentration in specimens subjected to freeze-thaw cycles at different temperature ranges

图10 单次循环中温度与孔隙冰影响因子变化

Fig.10 Variations in fT??and fi during a single cycle

图11 不同冻结时长与融化时长比下试件表面温度和中心温度变化

Fig.11 Changes in surface temperature and core temperature of specimens at different freeze-thaw time ratios

图12 不同冻结时长与融化时长比下试件融化阶段的水分流速分布

Fig.12 Distribution of water flow velocity of specimens during thawing stage at different freeze-thaw time ratios

图13 不同冻结时长与融化时长比下试件经历冻融循环作用后氯离子浓度分布和平均浓度

Fig.13 Distribution of chloride ion concentration and average concentration in specimens after freeze-thaw cycle at different freeze-thaw time ratios

图14 不同NaCl溶液浓度下融化阶段混凝土中水分流速分布

Fig.14 Distribution of water flow velocity in concrete during thawing stage exposed to NaCl solution with different concentrations

图15 不同NaCl溶液浓度下经历冻融循环作用后混凝土的氯离子浓度分布和平均浓度

Fig.15 Distribution of chloride ion concentration and average concentration in concrete after freeze-thaw cycle exposed to NaCl solution with various concentrations

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