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硅酸盐通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (2): 634-645.DOI: 10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0848

• 陶瓷 • 上一篇    下一篇

山西霍州窑古瓷的微观结构与物化组成初步分析

杨元庆1(), 王甜1(), 郭瑞1,2, 朱建锋1, 李强3, 王芬1, 罗宏杰4   

  1. 1.陕西科技大学材料科学与工程学院,地下文物保护材料与技术教育部重点实验室,西安 710021
    2.西安市文物保护考古研究院,西安 710068
    3.中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所,古陶瓷科学研究国家文物局重点科研基地,上海 201899
    4.上海大学文化遗产与信息管理学院,硅酸盐质文物保护教育部重点实验室,上海 200444
  • 收稿日期:2025-08-21 修订日期:2025-10-27 出版日期:2026-02-20 发布日期:2026-03-09
  • 通信作者: 王甜,博士,副教授。E-mail:wangtian@sust.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:杨元庆(1999—),男,硕士研究生。主要从事古陶瓷材料学的研究。E-mail:etheric_yang@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金青年项目(62205191);国家自然科学基金青年项目(52272019);国家自然科学基金青年项目(52272020);硅酸盐质文物保护教育部重点试验室(上海大学)开放课题(SCRC2024KF02ZD)

Preliminary Analysis of Microstructure and Physicochemical Composition of Ancient Porcelain from Huozhou Kiln in Shanxi Province

YANG Yuanqing1(), WANG Tian1(), GUO Rui1,2, ZHU Jianfeng1, LI Qiang3, WANG Fen1, LUO Hongjie4   

  1. 1. Key Laboratory of Materials and Technology for Unearthed Cultural Heritage Conservation,Ministry of Education,School of Material Science & Engineering,Shaanxi University of Science & Technology,Xi’an 710021,China
    2. Xi’an Institute of Conservation and Archaeology,Xi’an 710068,China
    3. Key Scientific Research Base of Ancient Ceramics,State Administration for Cultural Heritage,Shanghai Institute of Ceramics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai 201899,China
    4. Key Laboratory of Silicate Cultural Relics Conservation,Ministry of Education,School of Cultural Heritage and Information Management,Shanghai University,Shanghai 200444,China
  • Received:2025-08-21 Revised:2025-10-27 Published:2026-02-20 Online:2026-03-09

摘要:

为揭示霍州窑古瓷(白瓷、白地黑花瓷和黑釉瓷)的胎釉原料特质,本文采用超景深光学显微镜(OM)、X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)及紫外-可见-近红外分光光度计(UV-Vis-NIR)研究了胎釉微观结构与物化组成,并分别与定窑白瓷及磁州窑、扒村窑、新安窑白地黑花瓷进行对比。结果表明,霍州窑瓷胎中Al2O3含量由高到低为:细白瓷、粗白瓷、黑釉瓷、白地黑花瓷。白瓷与白地黑花瓷胎中SiO2含量相似,但黑釉瓷胎中SiO2含量较低。黑釉瓷胎体在Al2O3、SiO2、CaO等成分上波动较大。霍州窑胎体物相以莫来石为主,存在少量石英和方石英。霍州窑白瓷与定窑白瓷的胎体化学组成有显著区别,前者胎中Al2O3、SiO2、Na2O、Fe2O3含量更高,釉中Al2O3、K2O、TiO2含量更高。霍州窑白地黑花瓷与磁州窑、扒村窑及新安窑白地黑花瓷在胎釉化学组成上亦有明显区分,前者釉中MgO、Al2O3及Fe2O3含量更高。霍州窑白瓷胎色呈洁白色,白地黑花瓷胎呈灰白色,黑釉瓷胎呈深棕色,这与胎中着色元素浓度有关。釉料化学元素酸度系数均值从大到小排序为:白瓷、白地黑花瓷、黑釉瓷,反映三类产品的烧成温度依次降低。紫外-可见-近红外反射光谱表明,霍州窑白瓷和白地黑花瓷在400~800 nm具有多个反射峰,且反射主峰位于420~500 nm,而黑釉瓷则无明显反射峰。

关键词: 霍州窑, 白瓷, 白地黑花瓷, 黑釉瓷, 微观结构, 物化组成

Abstract:

To investigate the raw material characteristics of the body and glaze from Huozhou kiln ancient porcelains (white porcelain, white and black porcelain, and black porcelain), this study utilized ultra-depth-of-field optical microscopy (OM), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectrophotometry (UV-Vis-NIR) to analyze the microstructure and physicochemical composition of the body and glaze. Comparative analysis was conducted with white porcelain from Ding kiln and white and black porcelain, from Cizhou kiln, Pacun kiln, and Xin’an kiln. The results indicate that in Huozhou kiln body, the Al2O3 content decreases in the following order: fine white porcelain, coarse white porcelain, black glaze porcelain, and white and black porcelain. While the SiO2 content is similar in white porcelain and white and black porcelain bodies, it is lower in black porcelain bodies. The black porcelain body shows significant fluctuations in Al2O3, SiO2, CaO and other components. Mullite constitutes the primary phase in the Huozhou kiln body, with minor quantities of quartz and cristobalite. There is a significant difference in the chemical composition of the matrix between Huozhou kiln and Ding kiln white porcelain. The former contains higher Al2O3, SiO2, Na2O and Fe2O3 content in the body, and higher Al2O3, K2O and TiO2 content in the glaze. There are also obvious differences in the chemical composition of the body and glaze between the white and black porcelain of Huozhou kiln and the porcelain of Cizhou kiln, Pacun kiln and Xin’an kiln. The former glaze contains higher MgO, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 content. The white porcelain body of Huozhou kiln is pure white, the white and black porcelain is gray white, and the black glaze porcelain body is dark brown, which is related to the concentration of coloring elements in the body. The average value of the acidity coefficient of the chemical elements of the glaze decreases in the order: white porcelain, white and black porcelain, and black glaze porcelain, reflecting that the firing temperature of the three types of products decreases in turn. UV-Vis-NIR reflectance spectroscopy shows that Huozhou kiln white porcelain and white and black porcelain have multiple reflection peaks at 400~800 nm, and the main reflection peak is located at 420~500 nm, while black glaze porcelain has no obvious reflection peak.

Key words: Huozhou kiln, white porcelain, white and black porcelain, black porcelain, microstructure, physicochemical composition

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