Table of Content

Volume 45 Issue 3
20 March 2026

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Glass

Research Progress on Design and Development of Inorganic Glass Materials Based on Machine Learning Method

TAN Zhixin, ZHANG Wei, QIAO Xusheng, FAN Xianping

2026, 45(3):  743-754.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1138

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There is an increasingly urgent demand for new high-performance glass in the field of glass science and engineering. Traditional trial-and-error methods and physical modeling suffer from issues such as low efficiency， high cost， and insufficient accuracy. The emergence of artificial intelligence and machine learning has brought new breakthrough methods for glass design and development. Through dataset construction， model training， and validation， it can efficiently predict glass composition， structure， and performance. This paper elaborates on the basic principles of machine learning and core algorithms （including supervised and unsupervised learning）， summarizes the application achievements of machine learning in various types of glass in recent years， and focuses on reviewing the research progress of composition-performance， composition-structure， and composition-structure-performance modeling and design of glass materials based on learning. Existing studies have shown that machine learning can significantly improve the accuracy of glass performance prediction and development efficiency， but it still faces challenges such as insufficient generalization ability and difficulty in fitting complex structures. In the future， with the improvement of technology and integration across multiple fields， machine learning will continue to promote innovative development in glass science and provide more efficient technical support for the research and development of new glass.

Research Progress of Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship Analysis Method in the Field of Glass Materials

YAN Hongying, YAN Jingping, JIANG Fangling, ZHENG Qiuju, DENG Lu

2026, 45(3):  755-770.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1143

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The complex amorphous structure and metastable thermodynamic characteristics of glass materials pose challenges to understanding the mapping relationship between the structure and the performance of this kind of materials. Therefore， the structure-properties relationship becomes one of the core challenges in developing new high-performance glass. The quantitative structure-property relationship （QSPR） analysis method， which can establish a mathematical model to link the microscopic structure with macroscopic properties， provides a new approach to break through the limitation of traditional trial-and-error methods in designing new glass materials. This paper systematically reviews the latest progresses of QSPR analysis method in the field of glass materials. Firstly， it sorts out the complete process of the QSPR analysis method， including the data acquisition， the descriptor extraction， and the model construction. Secondly， it focuses on the classification of descriptor systems and elaborates on the development and evolution of descriptor systems in terms of structure， energy and dynamic mechanisms. Then， successful prediction cases using QSPR analysis method are further summarized， including mechanical properties， thermal properties and chemical durability in silicate， phosphate， and other glass systems， demonstrating its ability in practical material design. Finally， current challenges in understanding the physical meaning of descriptors and improving the data quality are introduced， and outlook of the future improving strategy by integrating multi-scale information and combining multi-methods are proposed， in order to promote the QSPR analysis method from an explanatory tool into a precise design platform.

Research Progress on Multiscale Simulation of Viscosity Characteristics of Synthetic Quartz Glass

ZHOU Jianxin, NIE Lanjian, FAN Jiangwei, JIA Yanan, LIU Ruiwang

2026, 45(3):  771-780.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1194

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In the manufacturing process of integrated circuits， thermal treatment process is one of the critical steps， and the quartz furnace tube， as a core component of thermal treatment equipment， its performance directly impacts the quality and production efficiency of integrated circuits. Synthetic quartz glass， as a key material for quartz furnace tubes， relies heavily on precise control of its high-temperature preparation and forming processes， which are intrinsically linked to viscosity characteristic changes involving the relaxation of microstructures and macroscopic flow behavior. Therefore， this paper systematically reviews multiscale simulation strategies and recent advancements in quartz glass viscosity research. At the microscopic scale， it focuses on evaluating key potential functions used in molecular dynamics （MD） simulations and their predictive accuracy， summarizing the accuracy and limitations of commonly used potential functions in predicting the structure， diffusion coefficients， and viscosity of the silican dioxide system， while reviewing the relevant achievements of influence mechanisms of impurities such as alkali metal ions and hydroxyl groups on synthetic quartz glass viscosity and structural relaxation through molecular dynamics simulations. At the macroscopic scale， it organizes simulation studies based on finite element method （FEM） and computational fluid dynamics （CFD）， analyzing the current status of incorporating viscosity models obtained from microscopic simulations or experiments into simulation software for thermal processing simulations. This paper provides a reference for future research on impurity diffusion laws and high-temperature resistance characteristics in synthetic quartz glass， and offers a theoretical foundation and technical support for high-temperature applications of quartz glass materials.

Hydroxyl Effects in Synthetic Silica Glass: Influence of Thermodynamics, Ultraviolet Transmittance, and Structure

CHENG Yuntao, HUANG Mingjun, GUO Chaohui, QIAO Ang, TAO Haizheng

2026, 45(3):  781-786.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1129

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Hydroxyl groups， as ubiquitous extrinsic species present during preparation and service， significantly influence the comprehensive properties of silica glass. In this study， commercial JGS1 （high-hydroxyl concentration） and JGS3 （low-hydroxyl concentration） high-purity synthetic silica glass were selected to systematically investigate the effects of hydroxyls on material properties using differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）， temperature-dependent modulus testing， Raman spectroscopy， and vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the hydroxyl incorporation leads to a 64 K reduction in the glass transition temperature and an increase in the isobaric heat capacity. In the temperature range of 300~1 300 K， both samples exhibit anomalous modulus hardening behavior， and the elastic modulus of JGS1 remains consistently lower than that of JGS3. Raman and vacuum ultraviolet spectral analyses indicate that JGS1 possesses fewer three-membered ring structures， and the introduction of hydroxyls effectively repairs oxygen-deficient defects， eliminating the absorption peak at 163 nm and causing a 7 nm blue shift in the ultraviolet cut off edge （from 172 nm to 165 nm）. This work elucidates the impact of hydroxyls on the thermomechanical and optical properties of silica glasses， providing a scientific basis for the compositional design of high-performance silica glasses.

Exploring Structural Origin of Mixed-Alkali Effect on Thermal Conductivity in Borosilicate Glass

ZHOU Qunfeng, ZHOU Hemin, ZHU Yongchang, CUI Zhu, QIAO Ang, TAO Haizheng

2026, 45(3):  787-793.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1057

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Thermal transport in amorphous materials is primarily governed by two vibrational modes： propagons， which resemble lattice waves in crystals， and diffusons. However， the mechanism by which glass composition modulates these two modes remains insufficiently understood. To address this gap， this study investigated a series of borosilicate glasses with the composition 65.0SiO₂·5.0B₂O₃·7.5CaO·4.9MgO·xK₂O·（17.6-x）Na₂O （x=0~17.6）， to elucidate the impact of Na-K substitution on thermal conductivity and uncover its atomic-scale structural origins. Thermal conductivity measurements demonstrate that this glass series exhibits a typical mixed-alkali effect， characterized by a nonlinear decrease in thermal conductivity as potassium ions gradually replace sodium ions. To clarify the physical nature of this nonlinear behavior， the total thermal conductivity was decomposed into contributions from propagons and diffusons based on the semi-empirical model proposed by Agne et al. The decomposition results indicate that the contribution from propagons remains essentially constant throughout the substitution process. In stark contrast， the thermal transport contribution from diffusons exhibits a pronounced nonlinear decline that mirrors the trend of the total thermal conductivity. This confirms that the suppression of diffuson-mediated thermal transport is the dominant factor driving the mixed-alkali effect in this glass series. Detailed Raman spectroscopic characterization was employed to probe the structural evolution underpinning these thermal property changes. The spectral analysis reveals that the coexistence of dissimilar alkali ions （Na⁺ and K⁺） induces local structural strain due to ionic radius and field strength mismatch. This strain manifests as a variation in the distribution of Si—O—Si bond angles， evidenced by the shift of the characteristic Raman band near 1 090 cm^-1. This bond angle distortion enhances the short-range disorder of the glass network， thereby disrupting the vibrational synergy and reducing the energy transfer efficiency of the diffusons. In conclusion， this study not only deepens the fundamental understanding of thermal transport in amorphous solids but also provides a theoretical basis for designing glass materials with tailored thermal conductivities via composition engineering.

Ion Exchanged Stress Evolution and High-Speed Strain Strength Characterization of Lithium Aluminosilicate Ultra-Thin Glass

HU Wei, TIAN Yingliang, HUANG Wenze

2026, 45(3):  794-805.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1073

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This study investigates the stress formation and relaxation mechanisms of lithium aluminosilicate （LAS） ultra-thin glass during ion exchange （IOX） process. By constructing a coupled theoretical framework of “Fickian interdiffusion-chemical free volume expansion-elastic constraint”， a stress calculation formula suitable for thin-plate conditions was derived. Effects of temperature （380~500 ℃） and time on surface compressive stress （CS）， depth of layer （DOL）， and central tension linear density （CTLD） were systematically analyzed. The results show that during short-cycle IOX in pure NaNO₃ molten salt， CTLD value follows a typical single-peak evolution trend of “rapid rise-peak-decline.” As temperature increases， the peak CTLD value decreases from 34 000 MPa to 27 000 MPa， reflecting the competing mechanisms between diffusion-driven stress accumulation and free-volume dissipation-induced relaxation. Based on the inversion of mass gain measurements， the mutual diffusion coefficient is extracted （D₀≈1.078 79×10^-12 cm²/s， E_a≈83.29 kJ/mol）. Combined with experimental CTLD data， a first-order kinetic model for the free-volume index B（t） is constructed， revealing a quantitative relationship among “temperature-viscosity-relaxation rate”. This study suggests that CTLD provides a more accurate characterization of the impact resistance of ultra-thin glass under high-speed strain conditions compared to conventional CS and DOL parameters， providing a theoretical basis for optimizing the strengthening process of ultra-thin glass.

Research on Mechanism of CaO Enhancing Molybdenum Solubility in Borosilicate Glass

JIAO Yunjie, ZHU Yongchang, YANG Debo, CUI Zhu, DONG Xuanjiang, WANG Dongyu, DU Zhanyuan, YANG Yanan

2026, 45(3):  806-812.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1037

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The low solubility of molybdenum in borosilicate glass matrices presents a significant challenge in the vitrification of high-level liquid waste （HLLW）， as it often leads to the precipitation of the undesirable “yellow phase”， thereby compromising the safety and long-term stability of the vitrified waste form. In this study， the effect of CaO content on the molybdenum solubility and the structural evolution of borosilicate glass was investigated. A combination of analytical techniques， including SEM-EDS， XRD， and Raman spectroscopy， was employed to characterize the phase composition and microstructure of the samples. The results indicate that as the mass fraction of CaO increases， the macroscopic appearance of the glass transitions progressively from milky white and opaque （0%~4%） to transparent blue （6%）， when the mass fraction of CaO is 8%， the milky color disappears， and when the mass fraction of CaO is 10%， it is completely transparent. Microscopic analysis reveals that the milky white opacity originates from the crystallization of Na₂MoO₄， which is effectively suppressed by the addition of CaO. Correspondingly， the molybdenum solubility in the glass matrix increases consistently， reaching a maximum of 2.8% （mass fraction）. Raman spectroscopy further demonstrates that CaO modifies the glass structure by depolymerizing the silicate network and promoting the formation of Q³ units， thereby creating a more favorable chemical environment for accommodating ［MoO₄］^2- groups.

Effects of Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides on Microstructure and Thermal Properties of BaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ Glass-Ceramics

LIU Yiwen, LIU Feiran, XIE Jun, ZHANG Jihong

2026, 45(3):  813-823.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1135

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Glass-ceramics serve as one of sealing materials for solid oxide fuel cell （SOFC）， and their composition decisively influences the microstructure and coefficient of thermal expansion （CTE）. This work systematically investigated the effect of replacing BaO with MgO or CaO on the properties of BaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ glass-ceramics. The results show that partial substitution of BaO by MgO or CaO disrupts the silicate network structure of glass. Meanwhile， Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions with higher field strength enhance the cross-linking outside the silicate network， leading to an increase in the glass transition temperature T_g of the M-series and C-series glass-ceramics from 724 ℃ to 751 and 784 ℃， respectively. With increasing MgO/BaO mass ratio， the crystallization peak temperature T_p of the M-series glass-ceramics gradually decreases， the precipitation of BaAl₂Si₂O₈ is suppressed， while the formation of magnesium-containing crystalline phases is promoted. For the C-series， T_p decreases first and then rises with increasing CaO/BaO mass ratio， the precipitation of BaAl₂Si₂O₈ is also inhibited， and no other crystalline phases are formed. As the substitution amount of alkaline earth metal oxides increases， the CTE of the M-series glass-ceramics at 800 ℃ rises from 10.43×10^-6 ℃^-1 to 11.98×10^-6 ℃^-1， whereas the CTE of the C-series glass-ceramics exhibits a fluctuating downward trend. Except for the C20 sample， the CTE values of other samples fall within the compatible range （（9.73~11.98）×10^-6 ℃^-1） required for SOFC sealing materials.

Influences of Different Molar Ratios of ZrO₂/TiO₂ on Structure and Properties of Bi₂O₃-B₂O₃-ZnO-SiO₂ Glass

LIU Jingling, CHENG Kaixin, FENG Jinyang, ZHAO Xiujian, MA Xiao, WU Donghua

2026, 45(3):  824-834.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1132

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Based on the Bi₂O₃-B₂O₃-ZnO-SiO₂ quaternary system glass， the influence laws of different molar ratios of ZrO₂/TiO₂ incorporation on the glass structure， characteristic temperature， coefficient of expansion and chemical stability were systematically studied by using ZrO₂ and TiO₂ composite incorporation. The results show that when a small amount of ZrO₂ and TiO₂ composite doped， Zr⁴⁺ will form Zr—O—Si bonds， which can enhance the glass network structure， and the glass will exhibit the best corrosion resistance. However， if the doping amount of ZrO₂ is further increased， due to the polarization effect of Zr⁴⁺， the coordination structure of Ti⁴⁺， B³⁺， and Bi³⁺ changes， which disrupts the glass network structure and leads to a decline in the chemical stability of glass. When ZrO₂ completely replaces TiO₂， the compactness and chemical stability of glass structure is improved again.

Effect of ZrO₂ on Crystallization Behavior and Microwave Dielectric Properties of Li₂O-Al₂O₃-B₂O₃ Glass-Ceramics

NI Yubo, CHEN Zhibin, ZENG Guang, LUO Qiong, CHEN Qiao, LIU Jia, LI Wenjun, ZOU Aoqi, WANG Jing, TIAN Peijing, HAN Jianjun

2026, 45(3):  835-844.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1087

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With the advancement of 5G， the demand for high-performance dielectric materials devices operating in microwave and millimeter-wave frequency bands is increasing. In this paper， Li₂O-Al₂O₃-B₂O₃ （LAB） glass-ceramics were synthesized using the low-temperature co-fired method， capable of dense sintering and exhibiting excellent microwave dielectric properties at ultra-low temperature. The effect of ZrO₂ content on the crystallization behavior and microwave dielectric properties of LAB glass-ceramics was also studied. The results show that as ZrO₂ content increases from 0.2%（molar fraction， the same below） to 0.8%， the primary crystalline phase in LAB glass-ceramics is LiBO₂. The types and quantities of crystals remain essentially unchanged. The Avrami index n of glass-ceramics ranges from 3.05 to 3.89， indicating that the crystal growth mechanism in this system is primarily bulk crystallization. However， ZrO₂ content reduces the crystallization activation energy of glass-ceramics. The microstructure of LAB glass-ceramics exhibit increased porosity with increasing ZrO₂ content， consequently reducing its bulk density. Z1 glass-ceramics doped with 0.2% ZrO₂ is sintered at 650 ℃ for 7 h， yielding excellent microwave dielectric properties， microwave dielectric constant ε_r=7.5 and quality factor Q×f =16 958 GHz， the glass-ceramics is a promising candidate material for application in ultra-low temperature co-fired ceramics （ULTCC）.

Effect of Al₂O₃/SiO₂ on Crystallization Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-MgO Glass-Ceramics

JIA Xuhe, ZHAO Renlong, ZHANG Jihong, XIE Jun

2026, 45(3):  845-852.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1134

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Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-MgO glass-ceramics has attracted much attention due to its excellent thermal and mechanical properties， and its glass network structure， crystal phase composition and final mechanical properties are significantly affected by Al₂O₃/SiO₂ molar ratio. In this study， a series of glass samples with different Al₂O₃/SiO₂ mole ratios compositions were prepared by high-temperature melting method， and a series of glass-ceramics with Li _x Al _x Si_1-x O₂ as the main crystalline phase was successfully obtained by a two-step heat treatment process. Research findings indicate that with the increase of Al₂O₃/SiO₂ mole ratio， Q³ and Q⁴ units within the glass network transform into Q¹ and Q² units， and this apparent change is essentially caused by the disturbance caused by the increase of ［AlO₄］. The coefficient of thermal expansion gradually rises from 5.31×10^-6 ℃^-1 to 5.98×10^-6 ℃^-1， with a incremental tendency. The crystal morphology evolves from spherical to irregular， and finally to a honeycomb structure. The crystal phase changes from Li _x Al _x Si_3-x O₆， MgAl₂Si₄O₁₂， and SiO₂ to Li _x Al _x Si_1-x O₂， MgAl₂Si₄O₁₂， LiAlSi₃O₈， and SiO₂， and ultimately to LiAlSi₂O₆， and Li _x Al _x Si_1-x O₂. The mechanical property tests show that the maximum Vickers hardness of glass-ceramics is 8.89 GPa， and the subsequent decay of the performance is mainly attributed to the transition of crystal phase and the evolution of the microscopic morphology of the crystal to honeycomb structure.

Effect of B₂O₃ and Al₂O₃ on Structure and Properties of MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ Glass

ZHENG Weihong, HE Zeyu, JIA Xiaoyan, RUAN Qi, ZHANG Weizhi, WANG Xian, HUANG Shenxi, LU Ping

2026, 45(3):  853-861.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1121

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Under the trend of integrated circuits developing toward precision and miniaturization， electronic glass with a low coefficient of thermal expansion （CTE） and a low dielectric constant has become a key basic material for applications such as semiconductor packaging and precision instrument substrates. This study employed Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）， Raman spectroscopy， nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） spectroscopy， differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）， thermal expansion analysis， and dielectric property measurements （10 MHz） to investigate the influences of the introduction amounts of B₂O₃ and Al₂O₃ on the network structure， thermal expansion properties， and dielectric properties of MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ alkali-free low thermal expansion coefficient glass. The results show that when the m（B₂O₃）/m（Al₂O₃） （mass ratio） increases from 0.324 to 0.400， the degree of glass network polymerization increases， correspondingly， the CTE decreases from 3.68×10^-6 ℃^-1 to 3.59×10^-6 ℃^-1， the dielectric constant and dielectric loss decrease from 5.00 and 2.83×10^-3 to approximately 4.90 and 2.75×10^-3， respectively. When the m（B₂O₃）/m（Al₂O₃） rises to 0.485， the degree of glass network polymerization decreases； the CTE rebounds to 3.62×10^-6 ℃^-1， the dielectric constant and dielectric loss increase to 4.91 and 2.78×10^-3， respectively. When the m（B₂O₃）/m（Al₂O₃） further increases to 0.581， phase separation occurs during glass formation. Therefore， the appropriate introduction amount of B₂O₃ is 7% （mass fraction， the same below）， with an Al₂O₃ content of 17.5% and a m（B₂O₃）/m（Al₂O₃） of 0.400. At this point， the glass exhibits the lowest coefficient of thermal expansion （3.59×10^-6 ℃^-1）， with a dielectric constant of 4.90 and a dielectric loss of 2.75×10^-3.

Characterization of Stress Distribution in Sealing Glass via Stress-Sensitive Photoluminescence Spectroscopy

LI Jiahao, TIAN Yingliang, ZHAO Zhiyong, ZHANG Yong, GONG Keqian, LIU Zheng

2026, 45(3):  862-870.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1062

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To address the challenges of stress detection in opaque sealing glasses and the insufficient resolution of existing methods， this study proposed a non-destructive， high-precision stress characterization method based on stress-sensitive photoluminescence spectroscopy of Cr³⁺-doped Al₂O₃ （Cr³⁺∶Al₂O₃）. By uniformly dispersing synthesized Cr³⁺∶Al₂O₃ nanoparticles into the aluminoborosilicate glass， the radial stress distribution in concentric cylindrical seals was quantitatively visualized， and the crack initiation mechanism was analyzed in conjunction with microstructure observation. The results indicate that the Cr³⁺∶Al₂O₃ nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in the glass， demonstrating excellent micro-regional stress sensing capability. In Kovar-pin-seals with matched thermal expansion coefficients， the glass is entirely under compressive stress， forming a reliable compressive sealing structure. Conversely， in copper-pin-seals with mismatched thermal expansion coefficients， the glass matrix is predominantly subjected to tensile stress. Notably， the region of maximum tensile stress （approximately 250 μm from the interface） coincides highly with the actual location of circumferential cracks （approximately 300 μm from the interface）. This work confirms that tensile stress concentration is the direct inducement of sealing failure and validates the potential of this spectroscopic method for micro-mechanical behavior analysis and reliability assessment of sealing glasses.

Effects of Bi/Zn and B/Zn on Structure and Properties of Low-Melting-Point Glass of BiBZn System for Laser Sealing of Vacuum Glazing

HE Zhe, LI Jingwei, MA Xuan, SHI Lifen, JIAO Jinxu, ZHOU Junjie, WANG Weiwei, LI Changqing, WANG Peng, PENG Shou, LI Hong

2026, 45(3):  871-883.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0961

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Laser sealing technology is a high-precision， high-efficiency modern welding technique that offers the advantages of high energy density and the ability to locally heat the material. Applying laser sealing technology to vacuum glazing sealing can effectively reduce the substrate de-tempering of vaccum glazing caused by traditional overall heating sealing methods. This paper focused on the laser sealing technology and the glass of Bi₂O₃-B₂O₃-ZnO （BiBZn） system as the research subject. The paper explored the effects of Bi/Zn and B/Zn on the structure and properties of BiBZn system low-melting-point glass and developed a lead-free low-melting-point glass powder suitable for laser sealing of vacuum glazing. The lead-free low-melting-point glass components is 40.0Bi₂O₃-32.5B₂O₃-27.5ZnO， and the coefficient of thermal expansion is 100×10^-7 K^-1（50~250 ℃）， which is well-matched with the coefficient of thermal expansion of sodium-calcium-silicon substrate glass （92×10^-7 K^-1， 50~250 ℃）. The softening temperature of glass is 388 ℃， and it has good fluidity， making it suitable for laser sealing of vacuum glazing. Under the processing conditions of laser power of 36 W， pulse width of 20 ns， the obtained sealing layer has no crystal precipitation， and the sealing strength is 3.67 MPa， higher than the general level （2 MPa）.

Material System and Performance of Pressure Resistant Window Glass

WANG Haofeng, LIAO Qilong, ZHU Hanzhen, WANG Yanhang, LI Xianzi, YANG Penghui, TIAN Haodong, ZU Chengkui

2026, 45(3):  884-893.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0943

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The performance and physical tempering effect of pressure resistant window glass are significantly different due to different material systems. This study investigated four types of glass for pressure resistant window glass： sodium calcium silicate glass， alkali-free aluminosilicate glass， 3.3 borosilicate glass， and 4.0 borosilicate glass. Their fundamental thermal and mechanical properties were tested. The structural reasons for the differences in the properties of four types of glass were explained by Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The physical tempering mechanism for increasing strength of four types of glass was studied based on the viscosity temperature characteristics， thermal and mechanical properties. The study finds that： in terms of composition， sodium calcium silicate glass forms bond breaking network due to its high content of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal oxides. In terms of structure， alkali-free aluminosilicate glass appears ［AlO₄］ and ［AlO₅］ structures， and borosilicate glass appeares ［BO₃］ and ［BO₄］ structures. The common factors of composition and structure lead to the differences in the three-dimensional network structure of the four types of glass， which affect their performance. In terms of performance， the viscosity of sodium calcium silicate glass and alkali-free aluminosilicate glass changes more violently from tempering temperature to transition temperature， and have higher elastic modulus and thermal expansion coefficient， so they can form higher surface compressive stress and significantly improve strength. The research results have guiding significance for the research and development of pressure resistant window glass.

Stress Distribution and Strength Design of Observation Window Glass under High Hydrostatic Pressure

WANG Haofeng, HE Kun, ZHOU Peng, LIU Xiaogen, ZU Chengkui, CAO Dake, TIAN Haodong, YANG Penghui

2026, 45(3):  894-902.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1093

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Avoiding the occurrence of observation window glass breakage accidents is one of the important guarantees to ensure the safety and reliability of related precision or special equipment system structures. Based on theory， experiments， and ANSYS numerical simulation software， the stress distribution characteristics， influencing factors， and failure modes of circular and strip observation window glass under high hydrostatic pressure were analyzed. The results show that the maximum tensile stress of circular and strip observation window glass is distributed in the center of the non bearing surface of the plate， and shear stress is concentrated in the inner edge of the edge clamp. The fracture of the observation window glass is caused by tensile stress， shear stress， or a combination of tensile and shear forces. As the edge overlap width increases， the maximum tensile stress of the observation window glass also decreases linearly. Under the same conditions， the maximum tensile stress value of the observation window glass decreases continuously with the increase of its thickness， and increases linearly with the increase of the hydrostatic pressure value. A design method for the strength of observation window glass considering the discreteness of glass material strength and load application time has been proposed. The research results provide technical guidance for guiding the selection of glass materials and structural safety design for observation windows.

Determination of Dynamic Crack Growth Index of Soda-Lime Silicate Glass Based on Controlling Crack Initiation

ZHANG Jinlong, ZHOU Hemin, TIAN Haodong, HU Yunting, XU Chi, QIAO Ang, TAO Haizheng

2026, 45(3):  903-910.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1120

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Subcritical crack growth （SCG） is the fundamental mechanism driving the fatigue behavior （strength degradation） and the service lifetime reduction of glass materials. The dynamic crack growth index n is a critical parameter for characterizing a material’s resistance to SCG. Currently， discrepancies in testing parameters reported across literature have led to significant scatter in measured n values， yet the underlying influence mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this work， soda-lime silicate glass was selected as the research object. By varying the Vickers indentation load， pre-induced flaws with different morphologies were introduced to systematically investigate their effects on crack initiation and the determination of n. The results show that a low indentation load （0.196 N） produces deformation dominated by localized densification， failing to initiate sharp cracks， which leads to random fracture origins and prevents determination of the intrinsic n value. Conversely， increasing the indentation load to 2.940 N enables the stable formation of sharp precracks， effectively controlling the fracture origin. Under this condition， the measured n value is 31， approaching the upper bound （35） of reported values. This relatively high value is likely associated with the high stress rate applied in this study， which suppresses the stress corrosion， as well as the residual stresses induced by indentation. This work provides both experimental and theoretical insights for the standardization of precrack preparation in the dynamic crack growth index measurement for inorganic brittle silicate glasses.

New

Research Progress of Doped Near-Infrared Shielding Energy-Saving Glass

YANG Guang, LI Jiangyuan, ZHOU Daiqi, ZHANG Meng, GAO Yanfeng

2026, 45(3):  911-919.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1059

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Driven by the global energy crisis and the twin goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality， energy-saving materials are rapidly advancing toward higher efficiency and extended service life. In the building and transportation sectors， heat transfer through window glass accounts for more than 50% of total energy loss， making the development of high-performance energy-saving glass a critical priority. Conventional coated energy-saving glass， such as Low-E coated glass and tungsten bronze （M _x WO₃） film-coated glass， can effectively shield near-infrared （NIR） radiation. However， their long-term application is limited by limitations including coating degradation， poor adhesion， complex manufacturing processes， and high costs. In contrast， doped energy-saving glass achieve intrinsic functionalization by uniformly incorporating functional ions （Fe²⁺） or functional units （M _x WO₃） into the glass matrix. These materials simultaneously exhibit high visible-light transmittance， broadband NIR shielding， excellent durability， and cost-effective manufacturability. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in doped energy-saving glass， with a particular focus on two major systems： Fe²⁺-doped glass and M _x WO₃-doped glass. Finally， future research directions are discussed， emphasizing the need for further compositional optimization to ensure compatibility with float glass manufacturing processes and to enable broader application scenarios， such as automotive glass and architectural curtain walls. Overall， this work provides valuable insights and references for the industrial application of high-efficiency energy-saving glass.

Research Progress of Calcium Lanthanum Sulfide Transparent Ceramics for Supersonic Long-Wave Infrared Windows

YANG Xi, ZHAO Hua, LIU Yonghua, HAN Bin, HE Kun, ZHOU Nianxi, MA Shiyue, HAN Tongyu, ZHOU Peng

2026, 45(3):  920-929.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1139

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Infrared windows are critical components for supersonic aircraft optoelectronics systems， demanding exceptional infrared transmittance， thermal stability， and mechanical strength in extreme environments. Calcium lanthanum sulfide （CaLa₂S₄） transparent ceramics have emerged as a leading candidate beyond conventional materials such as oxide ceramics， fluorides， ZnS/ZnSe， due to their broad-band transmission （8~12 μm）， excellent rain erosion resistance， and mechanical robustness. This paper first elaborates on the origins of the excellent properties of CaLa₂S₄ ceramics， then focuses on reviewing the research progress in powder synthesis， sintering processes， and composition design of CaLa₂S₄ infrared transparent ceramics worldwide. It specifically analyzes the effects of fabrication processes including hot pressing （HP） sintering， spark plasma sintering （SPS）， and hot isostatic pressing （HIP） sintering on the optical and mechanical properties of CaLa₂S₄ infrared transparent ceramics. In addition， the sulfur loss issue during the sintering of CaLa₂S₄ ceramics is thoroughly discussed. However， challenges remain in China regarding near-net shaping of large components， controlling sulfur volatilization at high temperatures， and understanding defect dynamics. Future research must prioritize scalable production of high-transparency CaLa₂S₄， synergistic optimization of thermal-mechanical-optical properties， and validation under extreme conditions to enable their engineering application in supersonic flight.

Research Advances in High-Weather-Resistance LWIR Anti-Reflection Protective Thin Films

SONG Jiatian, WU Yuefeng, HAN Mengqing, LI Yongqi, LI Hao, ZHAO Fan, MA Feilong, WANG Yilin, JIN Yangli, CHEN Wei, LIU Yonghua, HAN Bin

2026, 45(3):  930-945.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1126

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High-quality infrared detection and sensing systems are in urgent demand in both military and civilian fields. To improve the optical and mechanical properties of long-wave infrared （LWIR） optical window substrates， as well as to enhance the detection accuracy and environmental durability of LWIR systems， the design and preparation technology of anti-reflection protective thin films on optical window surfaces has emerged as one of the key research hotspots in the field of infrared technology. Drawing on recent advances in infrared anti-reflection films and anti-reflection protective films， this paper outlines the characteristics of commonly used LWIR window film substrates and film materials， systematically summarizes the research progress in anti-reflection protective thin films for LWIR optical window surfaces both domestically and internationally， summarizes the design methods of film structures and commonly used preparation methods， and provides an outlook on the future development of the design and preparation of high-quality LWIR anti-reflection protective thin films.

Impact of Niobium Oxide on Structure, Optical Performance and Electrical Performance of Glass and Glass-Ceramics

MA Junyi, LU Jianchao, WANG Hongni, SHI Yanchun, GUO Aimin, ZHENG Qiuju

2026, 45(3):  946-960.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1105

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Niobium oxide （Nb₂O₅）， as a functional oxide with unique structure and excellent properties， shows great potential in promoting the development of new-generation high-performance glass and glass-ceramics. This paper systematically reviews the recent research progress in niobium-containing glass and glass-ceramics. Firstly， the coordination state and network role evolution of Nb⁵⁺ in different glass matrices （such as silicate， tellurite and phosphate） were deeply analyzed， and the structure-activity relationship of field strength matching principle and charge compensation mechanism on thermal stability and chemical durability is revealed. Secondly， the synergistic regulation mechanism of Nb⁵⁺ in improving refractive index， enhancing third-order nonlinear optical response and optimizing rare earth ion luminescence is reviewed， and the tailoring effect of Nb—O—RE bonding topology on local crystal field is revealed. Furthermore， the crystallization kinetics based on the heredity of glassy structure and the revolutionary breakthrough of femtosecond laser-induced crystallization technology in realizing three-dimensional patterning and submicron precision of LiNbO₃ ferroelectric crystal phase are discussed in detail， and the physical mechanism of periodic self-organization driven by laser-induced Marangoni convection is clarified. Finally， the future development trends of niobium-containing glass and glass ceramics in the fields of cross-scale computing design， new material system exploration and multi-functional integrated devices are prospected. The purpose of this paper is to provide a reference for the in-depth research and innovative application of niobium-containing glass and glass ceramics.

Research Progress of High-Modulus Glass Fibers

WEI Yaopeng, FU Jianhao, QIAN Zhaoqing, HE Ran, CAO Yi, LU Yadong, MA Tianchen, KANG Junfeng

2026, 45(3):  961-973.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1102

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High-modulus glass fibers possess high strength， high-temperature resistance， corrosion resistance， excellent impact resistance， and electrical insulation. They serve as key reinforcement materials in wind turbine blades， new energy vehicles， aerospace， and other fields. This review summarizes the development history， typical products， and performance characteristics of high-modulus glass fibers， and discusses the intrinsic relationship between their microstructural features and macroscopic modulus. This paper expounds the evolution of chemical composition of high-modulus glass fibers， the applicable conditions of the aluminum avoidance principle in the aluminosilicate glass system， and the influence of structural units such as high-coordination aluminum and tri-cluster oxygen on elasticity modulus. The theoretical foundations and various computational models for predicting elasticity modulus are systematically outlined， including the classical Makishima-Mackenzie （M-M） model， molecular dynamics simulation， topological constraint theory and its modifications. The machine learning is introduced to explore its role in composition design and property prediction.

Mechanism of Glass Coloration and Its Application in Optical Elements

HUANG Yonggang, LI Guanlin, SHI Pan, JIAO Peng, DU Yajie, WANG Yun, FU Yang, CHU Miao, ZHANG Yang, JIA Jinsheng

2026, 45(3):  974-993.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1145

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Glass coloration arises from the interaction of light with a disordered network， governed by the multiscale coupling of composition， valence state， local structure， nanophases and defect states. On the basis of traditional empirical classifications， this review systematically summarizes the main coloration mechanisms， including ionic， molecular， colloids， color-center， as well as crystallization coloration. The glass basicity， redox conditions and microstructural features on absorption peak position and chromaticity is clarified. From the perspective of four types of external fields， such as optical field， thermal field， electrochemical field and high-energy radiation， the time dependence and reversibility of exposure photosensitive process electrochromic process， thermally induced nanocrystals and colloids， and radiation color-center evolution is discussed. Representative applications， such as surface blackening of lenses， preparation of absorbing layers in fiber image guides， and filter and selection of colored optical glass， are used to analyze engineering bottlenecks including chromatic uniformity， high-temperature radiation stability. Finally， we outline future directions for colored glass： integrating machine learning and big-data approaches for rapid inverse design of compositions and processing windows， promoting system diversification and strengthening cross-fertilization with metasurfaces and semiconductor quantum dots， so that colored glass can evolve from a simple color carrier to a multifunctional intelligent platform for optical modulation， display and sensing.

Research Progress on Glass-Based Neutron Dosimetry Materials

ZHENG Ruipeng, LI Shixin, NIE Siyue, GONG Keqian

2026, 45(3):  994-1005.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1201

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With the rapid development of advanced nuclear systems， neutron-based medical therapies， and nuclear security technologies， the demand for neutron dosimetry materials with higher sensitivity， long-term stability， and engineering feasibility has grown substantially. Glass-based neutron dosimeters have attracted considerable interest due to their high compositional tunability， excellent chemical durability， strong radiation resistance， and capability for fabrication into bulk plates， thin films， and optical fibers. This review summarizes the interaction mechanisms between neutrons and matter， followed by an overview of four representative detection approaches， including fission， nuclear recoil， activation， and nuclear-reaction-based detection. The recent progress of various glass systems， including borosilicate， lithium silicate， phosphate glasses， and rare-earth-doped glasses， is comprehensively discussed， covering network structures， defect-center formation mechanisms， neutron-induced luminescence pathways， and dosimetric performance. Special attention is given to the ¹⁰B and ⁶Li， the role of Ce³⁺/Tb³⁺ dopants in scintillation processes， and the correlation between glass network topology， radiation stability， and sensitivity. Based on these research developments， the potential of glass-based neutron dosimetry materials in high-resolution detection， fiber-based sensing， and wide-energy-range applications is further highlighted. This review aims to provide guidance for the structural design and engineering development of next-generation neutron dosimetry materials.

Research Progress on Interfacial Residual Stress of Composite Optical Fibers

FU Wenhao, HUANG Yonggang, SUN Shibing, JIAO Peng, JIN Xiaodong

2026, 45(3):  1006-1017.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1067

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During the the fabrication of optical fibers， differences in the material parameters between the core and cladding， as well as process factors such as cooling rate and drawing speed， lead to the generation of interfacial residual stress，which significantly affects the optical performance and service life of optical fibers. This paper focuses on the issue of interfacial residual stress in optical fibers， systematically reviews recent research progress on the formation mechanisms and effects of frozen-in residual stress， thermally induced residual stress， and mechanically induced residual stress， achieved through methods such as theoretical analysis， numerical simulation， and physical modeling. Furthermore， characterization techniques for interfacial residual stress， including photoelastic method， micro-Raman spectroscopy， and Brillouin scattering method， are summarized and discussed. The aim is to provide a reference for the preparation of high-performance optical fibers and the precise control and characterization of interfacial residual stress.

Preparation and Performance Regulation of SrBiB Glass-Ceramics

GONG Feifan, WANG Jun, WU Yuan, GAO Shengnan, WANG Mitang

2026, 45(3):  1018-1030.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1122

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This study systematically investigated the photocatalytic performance of SrO-Bi₂O₃-B₂O₃ （SrBiB） glass-ceramics and their rare-earth-doped upconversion systems under different heat treatment conditions. The results show that 35SrO-25Bi₂O₃-40B₂O₃ after two-step heat treatment exhibit the optimal methylene blue （MB） degradation efficiency （93%） and reaction rate constant （0.008 63 min^-1） within 180 min， which is mainly attributed to its smaller band gap and uniform distribution Bi₆B₁₀O₂₄ crystals in the glass matrix. Furthermore， Yb³⁺/Tm³⁺ is introduced into the SrBiB glass-ceramics， and a core-shell structured glass-ceramics is successfully constructed through two-step heat treatment combined with HCl chemical etching. XRD， SEM， TEM and other characterizations results confirm that a layered flower-like structure formed on the surface of the etched samples， and the upconversion luminescence intensity gradually increase and the specific surface area significantly increase with the extension of etching time. Photocatalytic performance tests show that sample after HCl etching for 30 min display the best degradation performance under both full-spectrum and near-infrared light （degradation rates of 80% and 63% after 210 min， respectively）， which is attributed to its enhanced visible-near-infrared light absorption， effective carrier separation， and the exposure of active sites promoted by the combined effects of core-shell structure and surface defects. This study provides a new strategy for the design of efficient upconversion photocatalysts with broad-spectrum response and demonstrates promising application potential in fields such as wastewater treatment driven by near-infrared light.

3D Packaging Optical Fiber Microchannels Preparation Technology Based on TGV

MA Xixiang, YU Changjiang, LI Ning, SUN Haorui, WANG Zizhou, LIU Haoran, MING Yuetong, REN Hongyu, WANG Sanzhao

2026, 45(3):  1031-1037.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1094

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To overcome the limitations of traditional laser drilling and other technologies in the preparation of glass-based array through-holes， such as thermal damage， poor hole shape， and low hole density， and to meet the demand for high-precision interconnection carriers in 3D packaging of optoelectronic devices， this paper investigates the preparation of 3D packaging optical fiber microchannels based on through glass via （TGV）. Special core and clad glass optical fiber raw materials were used to prepare optical fiber preforms， which were then processed through drawing， rod and plate arrangement， hot pressing， and acid etching to produce optical fiber microchannel arrays. Research indicates that this technology exhibits minimal thermal effects. By adjusting process parameters， the aperture deviation of fiber units can be precisely controlled within ±1 μm， enabling the formation of taper-free through hole structures in fibers after acid etching. This significantly enhances both via drilling density and aspect ratio consistency. This process offers a high-precision， low-cost solution for optoelectronic interconnects in 3D packaging， playing a significant role in advancing the integration of 3D packaging technology for optoelectronic devices.

Effect of Glycerol on Foaming Performance of Potassium Silicate Gel

ZHANG Kang, XU Lei, ZHANG Fan, HE Kun, SU Shige, YU Changsheng, FAN Liangliang, XU Ning, ZU Chengkui

2026, 45(3):  1038-1046.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1004

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Potassium silicate gel， which combines high optical transparency at room temperature with excellent foaming capability at elevated temperatures，is an ideal choice for the interlayer material of composite fire-resistant glass.The performance parameters of the foamed gel are key indicators for characterizing the thermal insulation performance of potassium silicate-based laminated glass. In this study， the porosity of the foamed gel was calculated using the Archimedes method. The influence of glycerol content on the foaming performance of potassium silicate gel was investigated using methods including Turbiscan Lab Expert analysis， the heat flow method， and TG-DSC. The results indicate that when the glycerol content ranges from 10% to 20% by mass， the foamed gel exhibits a relatively smaller expansion volume but a relatively higher porosity. At a glycerol content of 15%， phase separation of carbonized organic components begins to occur in the foamed gel， leading to the formation of open pores on its surface. When the glycerol content reaches 20%， severe phase separation of carbonized organics takes place， resulting in poor foaming performance. This is evidenced by a thickness expansion ratio of only about 4 times. Comprehensive comparison shows that at a glycerol content of 10%， the sample demonstrates optimal overall performance： the potassium silicate gel expansion layer achieves a volume expansion ratio of 13.62 times， the risk of compromising the fire resistance integrity of the laminated glass is low， the porosity is 92.23%， and the foam morphology is uniform and dense. Moreover， the thermal conductivity remains low. Under these conditions， both the thermal insulation and foaming performance are at their best.

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Research Progress in Preparation of Glass and Glass-Ceramics via Spark Plasma Sintering

LIU Shuang, JI Yuanmeng, QIN Zeyu, GUAN Botao, LI Lei, LI Weijie, WANG Qingwei, DING Linfeng, ZHOU Beiying, WANG Lianjun

2026, 45(3):  1047-1061.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1044

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Spark plasma sintering （SPS）， featuring advantages of rapid heating， short densification time， and externally applied pressure， has emerged as a powerful low-temperature technique for preparation of glass and glass-ceramics. This review summarizes recent progress in SPS preparation of glass and glass-ceramics. The differences and commonalities in sintering behaviors and property-tailoring strategies of different raw materials， including nanoparticles， micron-sized glass powders， micron-sized glass-ceramic powders， zeolites， and metal-organic frameworks （MOFs）. Furthermore， the effects of key processing parameters such as temperature， pressure， and heating rate on structural formation and final properties are discussed. Finally， the potential of SPS for preparing high-performance glass and glass-ceramics is highlighted.

Development Status of Precision Molding of Glass Optical Components

ZHANG Baodong, ZHAO Hua, LIU Yonghua, HAN Bin, HE Kun, MA Shiyue, HAN Tongyu, CHEN Qian, YANG Xi, CHEN Haoran, ZU Chengkui

2026, 45(3):  1062-1073.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1140

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To meet the manufacturing requirements of high volume， low cost， and high precision for aspheric optical components in modern optical systems， precision molding forming technology has become an important process route for the rapid fabrication of such optical components. This paper systematically reviews the development status of precision molding forming technology for glass optical components， focuses on elaborating the forming mechanism based on viscoelastic deformation and the corresponding technological process， and analyzes the viscoelastic constitutive models applicable to describing the high-temperature mechanical behavior of glass and their time-temperature equivalence characteristics. Meanwhile， this paper deeply discusses the application of finite element simulation in the optimization of precision molding forming processes， including the simulation analysis of key process parameters such as heating time， forming temperature and forming speed， as well as the prediction and control methods for residual stress， refractive index distribution and surface shrinkage during the cooling process. Finally， this paper prospects for the future development trends of precision molding forming technology in terms of mold materials， simulation modeling and process control.

Classification of Thermal Defects in Electronic Substrate Glass with ResNet34 Model Integrating CBAM Mechanism

CAO Zhiqiang, LI Yuan, JIN Liangmao, YU Hao, CAO Xin, LIU Yong, HAN Gaorong

2026, 45(3):  1074-1082.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1071

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Electronic substrate glass is one of the key fundamental material in the information display industry. In recent years， as the information display industry has moved toward larger sizes， ultra-high definitions， and thinner， lighter designs， higher standards have been set for the quality of electronic substrate glass. In this paper， aiming at the challenges such as small size， high similarity， and difficult recognition of thermal defects in electronic substrate glass， the deep residual network model （ResNet34） was used as the main framework， the convolutional block attention module （CBAM） was integrated to improve the detection of minor target defects. The results show that， based on a homemade dataset of six typical thermal defects， the classification accuracy of the ResNet34 model integrating CBAM mechanism increases from 95.74% to 98.08%， with a notable improvement in generalization. Further visual analysis and comparisons reveal that the improved defect recognition performance with CBAM results from more precise defect localization. These findings offer a practical solution for online intelligent detection of thermal defects in electronic substrate glass and may serve as a reference for other minor target classification.

Effect of Low-Carbon Glass Batch Formulations on Glass Melting Process and CO₂ Emissions

LIU Chenyu, ZHANG Wenlu, LI Congyun, ZENG Jianhua, LI Luyao, HAN Jianjun, WANG Jing

2026, 45(3):  1083-1093.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1124

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The glass melting process is characterized by high energy consumption and significant carbon emissions， mainly resulting from the decomposition of carbonates in raw materials and the combustion of fuels. To explore the feasibility of carbon reduction from the raw material perspective， four glass batch formulations with a fixed target oxide composition were designed in this paper， including a conventional batch， two low-carbon batches without carbonates， and a batch containing 50% （mass fraction） cullet. Thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry analysis combined with high-temperature melting experiments were conducted to investigate reaction heat， melting behavior， and CO₂ emissions. The results show that the greatest synergistic benefit of energy saving and carbon reduction achieves when calcium silicate is used to replace calcium carbonate in traditional raw materials， in conjunction with NaOH as an efficient fluxing agent， reducing the theoretical total heat consumption by about 21.1% and the total CO₂ emissions by 65.4% compared with the conventional batch. The incorporation of 50% cullet reduced the melting temperature by 50 ℃ compared with the conventional batch and achieved a 37.1% reduction in CO₂ emissions， though its potential is limited by residual carbonates. In contrast， replacing carbonates with silicates without the assistance of efficient fluxing agents result in a 34.7% increase in energy consumption due to the elevated melting temperature. This study demonstrates that replacing carbonates with silicates and employing NaOH as an efficient fluxing agent constitutes an effective source-side decarbonization pathway for the glass industry. By clarifying the melting temperature and energy consumption levels of low-carbon raw material systems， this work provides theoretical guidance for optimizing raw material formulations design and supports the development of low-carbon glass production processes.

Effect of Plasma Modification on Bonding Performance of Lithium Aluminosilicate Glass-Polyurethane Interface

XU Shuang, XU Chi, TIAN Haodong, SHI Runqi, ZU Chengkui

2026, 45(3):  1094-1104.  doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1149

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The interfacial bonding performance between lithium aluminosilicate glass and polyurethane films directly impacts the structural safety and service reliability of aerospace transparent components. Plasma surface modification serves is an effective method to enhance interfacial bonding performance. Through plasma surface modification at varying rates on lithium aluminosilicate glass surfaces， this paper characterized the effect of surface modification using static contact angle measurement， scanning electron microscopy， and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy， while quantitatively evaluating interfacial bonding strength via peel-off tests. Environmental stability assessments were conducted through combined wet-heat aging and ultraviolet irradiation experiments. Results demonstrates that when the plasma surface modification rate is 5 mm/s， the polar component of the glass surface energy increases to 42.87 mN/m， forming a uniform nanoscale roughness morphology on the surface， and the oxygen-containing functional groups achieves peak content under these conditions， indicating optimal surface modification outcomes. The composite of lithium aluminosilicate glass and polyurethane film has high visible light transmittance and low haze， and the interfacial peel strength is 23 620 N/m. After aging in wet-heat and ultraviolet environments， the modified interfaces maintain superior stability and minimal performance degradation. By controlling plasma surface modification rates， the surface energy state and chemical composition of lithium aluminosilicate glass can be effectively regulated， significantly enhancing its interfacial bonding with polyurethane. These findings provide valuable guidance for reliability design and process optimization of aerospace transparent component interfaces.