Material System and Performance of Pressure Resistant Window Glass

doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0943

Abstract

Abstract:

The performance and physical tempering effect of pressure resistant window glass are significantly different due to different material systems. This study investigated four types of glass for pressure resistant window glass： sodium calcium silicate glass， alkali-free aluminosilicate glass， 3.3 borosilicate glass， and 4.0 borosilicate glass. Their fundamental thermal and mechanical properties were tested. The structural reasons for the differences in the properties of four types of glass were explained by Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The physical tempering mechanism for increasing strength of four types of glass was studied based on the viscosity temperature characteristics， thermal and mechanical properties. The study finds that： in terms of composition， sodium calcium silicate glass forms bond breaking network due to its high content of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal oxides. In terms of structure， alkali-free aluminosilicate glass appears ［AlO₄］ and ［AlO₅］ structures， and borosilicate glass appeares ［BO₃］ and ［BO₄］ structures. The common factors of composition and structure lead to the differences in the three-dimensional network structure of the four types of glass， which affect their performance. In terms of performance， the viscosity of sodium calcium silicate glass and alkali-free aluminosilicate glass changes more violently from tempering temperature to transition temperature， and have higher elastic modulus and thermal expansion coefficient， so they can form higher surface compressive stress and significantly improve strength. The research results have guiding significance for the research and development of pressure resistant window glass.

Key words: pressure resistant window glass, structure, performance, strength, physical tempering, surface compressive stress

CLC Number:

TQ171

WANG Haofeng, LIAO Qilong, ZHU Hanzhen, WANG Yanhang, LI Xianzi, YANG Penghui, TIAN Haodong, ZU Chengkui. Material System and Performance of Pressure Resistant Window Glass[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(3): 884-893.

Figures/Tables 16

Table 1 Composition of glass in different systems

Glass system	Composition （mole fraction）/%
Glass system	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	CaO	B₂O₃	MgO	BaO	Na₂O
Sodium calcium silicate glass	67~68	0~1	11~12	—	5~6	—	15~16
Alkali-free aluminosilicate glass	65~66	10~11	11~12	1~2	9~10	2~3	—
3.3 borosilicate glass	78~79	3~4	0~1	12~13	0~1	—	5~6
4.0 borosilicate glass	77~78	2~3	1~2	11~12	1~1.5	0~1	6~7

Table 2 Performance parameters of glass in different systems

Glass system	Bending strength σ_b/MPa	Hardness/GPa	Modulus of elasticity/GPa	Coefficient of thermal expansion/（10^-6 ℃）	Density/ （g·cm^-3）
Sodium calcium silicate glass	94	5.48	70.3	9.0	2.50
Alkali-free aluminosilicate glass	98	6.39	88.6	4.7	2.66
3.3 borosilicate glass	146	6.13	58.4	3.6	2.23
4.0 borosilicate glass	131	6.18	59.2	4.2	2.27

Fig.1 Raman spectra of of glass in different systems

Table 3 Main wave numbers and vibration types in Raman spectra of sodium calcium silicate glass

Wave number/cm^-1	Type of vibration
455	Si—O—Si bond bending vibration
570	Si—O—Si bond bending vibration
791	Si—O—Si bond bending vibration of ［SiO₄］ structural unit
943	Si—O—Si bond bending vibration of bridging oxygen between ［SiO₄］
1 100	Si—O—Si bond antisymmetric stretching vibration

Table 4 Main wave numbers and vibration types in Raman spectra of alkali-free aluminosilicate glass

Wave number/cm^-1	Type of vibration
484	Si—O—Si bond bending vibration
797	Si—O—Al bond stretching vibration between ［AlO₄］ and ［SiO₄］
1 022	Si—O—Si bond antisymmetric stretching vibration
1 441	B—O bond stretching vibration

Table 5 Main wave numbers and vibration types in Raman spectra of borosilicate glass

Wave number/cm^-1	Type of vibration
453	Si—O—Si bond bending vibration
800	［BO₃］ symmetric stretching vibration
927	Symmetrical stretching vibration of plane borate unit BO $3 3 -$
1 065	Stress vibration of B—O bond
1 138 （4.0 borosilicate glass）	Si—O bond stretching vibration of ［SiO₄］ structural unit
1 204 （3.3 borosilicate glass）	Symmetric stretching vibration of B—O bond in borate unit B₂O $5 4 -$
1 402~1 421	B—O bond bending vibration， corresponding to ［BO₃］ connection ［BO₄］
1 485	B—O bond stretching vibration， corresponding to ［BO₃］ connection ［BO₃］

Table 5 Main wave numbers and vibration types in Raman spectra of borosilicate glass

Wave number/cm^-1	Type of vibration
453	Si—O—Si bond bending vibration
800	［BO₃］ symmetric stretching vibration
927	Symmetrical stretching vibration of plane borate unit BO $3 3 -$
1 065	Stress vibration of B—O bond
1 138 （4.0 borosilicate glass）	Si—O bond stretching vibration of ［SiO₄］ structural unit
1 204 （3.3 borosilicate glass）	Symmetric stretching vibration of B—O bond in borate unit B₂O $5 4 -$
1 402~1 421	B—O bond bending vibration， corresponding to ［BO₃］ connection ［BO₄］
1 485	B—O bond stretching vibration， corresponding to ［BO₃］ connection ［BO₃］

Fig.2 11B and 27Al MAS NMR spectra and Gaussian deconvolution fitting curves of borosilicate glass and alkali-free aluminosilicate glass

Table 6 Calculation results of connection strength for four types of glass networks

Glass system	Sodium calcium silicate glass	Alkali-free aluminosilicate glass	3.3 borosilicate glass	4.0 borosilicate glass
Connection strength/kJ	1 193.83	1 275.34~1 308.77	1 479.49~1 492.04	1 464.36~1 472.23

Fig.3 Schematic diagrams of stress distribution of glass （P is external load）

Table 7 Bending strength of four types of glass before and after physical tempering

Glass system	Bending strength/MPa
Glass system	Annealed glass	Physical tempered glass （T_d+50 ℃）	Physical tempered glass （T_d +110 ℃）
Sodium calcium silicate glass	98	340	392
Alkali-free aluminosilicate glass	102	364	403
3.3 borosilicate glass	150	213	263
4.0 borosilicate glass	134	244	280

Fig.4 Thermal expansion curves of four types of glass

Fig.5 Viscosity temperature curves of four types of glass

Table 8 Tempering temperature， expansion softening temperature， and transition temperature of four types of glass

Glass system	Tempering temperature （T_d+50 ℃）/℃	Tempering temperature （T_d+110 ℃）/℃	Expansion softening temperature/℃	Transition temperature/℃
Sodium calcium silicate glass	667	727	617	556
Alkali-free aluminosilicate glass	829	889	779	711
3.3 borosilicate glass	701	761	651	527
4.0 borosilicate glass	721	781	671	573

Table 9 Viscosity values of four types of glass at different tempering temperatures

Tempering temperature	Viscosity/（Pa·s）
Tempering temperature	Sodium calcium silicate glass	Alkali-free aluminosilicate glass	3.3 borosilicate glass	4.0 borosilicate glass
T_d+50 ℃	10^7.9	10^8.8	10^9.2	10^9.1
T_d+110 ℃	10^6.5	10^7.0	10^7.7	10^7.6

Table 10 Viscosity change rate of four types of glass at different tempering temperatures

Tempering temperature	Viscosity change rate/10¹¹
Tempering temperature	Sodium calcium silicate glass	Alkali-free aluminosilicate glass	3.3 borosilicate glass	4.0 borosilicate glass
T_d+50 ℃	2.26	2.13	1.44	1.70
T_d+100 ℃	1.47	1.41	1.07	1.21

Table 11 Surface compressive stress of four types of glass at different tempering temperatures

Empering temperature	Surface compressive stress/MPa
Empering temperature	Sodium calcium silicate glass	Alkali-free aluminosilicate glass	3.3 borosilicate glass	4.0 borosilicate glass
T_d+50 ℃	162	198	82	106
T_d +110 ℃	280	326	164	191

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