Effect of Wet Grinding Carbonized Steel Slag on Properties and Microstructure of Beta-Hemihydrate Phosphogypsum

doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2026.0031

Abstract

Abstract:

This study addressed the needs of low-carbon development in building materials and solid waste resource utilization by proposing the use of wet grinding carbonized steel slag-modified low-carbon beta-hemihydrate phosphogypsum to develop a novel high-performance low-carbon gypsum cementitious material. Results demonstrate that wet grinding carbonized steel slag significantly improves both the working properties and water resistance of beta-hemihydrate phosphogypsum， with mechanical properties degradation mitigated by extended carbonization time. The system carbonized for 60 min exhibits optimal comprehensive performance， maintaining working and mechanical properties while achieving substantial enhancement in water resistance. The formation of “dual-phase” composite structures between CaCO₃ and calcium sulfate dihydrate （CaSO₄·2H₂O） exerts a certain negative effect on gypsum’s mechanical properties， yet effectively protects its crystal structure and enhances water resistance.

Key words: beta-hemihydrate phosphogypsum, carbonized steel slag, working property, mechanical property, microstructure

CLC Number:

TU52

JIN Zihao, ZOU Ziyong, HE Xingyang, SU Ying, CHEN Shuqin. Effect of Wet Grinding Carbonized Steel Slag on Properties and Microstructure of Beta-Hemihydrate Phosphogypsum[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(7): 2347-2356.

Figures/Tables 19

Table 1 Chemical composition of β-HPG and SS

Raw material	Mass fraction/%
Raw material	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	SO₃	CaO	MgO	P₂O₅	F	Loss
β-HPG	7.56	0.51	0.18	42.40	36.48	0.02	1.04	1.22	10.49
SS	13.40	6.32	16.83	—	52.80	3.87	0.93	—	5.85

Table 2 Physical and mechanical properties of β-HPG

Setting time/min		Compressive strength/MPa
Initial setting	Final setting	2 h	Dry
3.4	8.8	4.6	10.5

Fig.1 Particle size distribution curves of β-HPG and SS

Fig.2 XRD patterns of β-HPG and SS

Fig.3 SEM images of β-HPG and SS

Fig.4 pH value of SS with different carbonization time

Fig.5 Particle size distribution of SS with different carbonization time

Fig.6 Thermogravimetric analysis curves of SS with different carbonization time

Table 3 Carbon sequestration rate of SS with different carbonization time

Carbonization time/h	0.5	1.0	3.0	5.0
Carbon sequestration rate/%	14.19	17.51	16.96	18.69

Table 4 Mix proportion

Sample	Mass fraction/%			W/B
Sample	β-HPG	SS	PCE	W/B
CSS-T0-20%	80	20	0.5	0.50
CSS-T30-20%	80	20	0.5	0.50
CSS-T60-20%	80	20	0.5	0.50

Table 5 Flowability parameters of composite system of SS slurries with different carbonization degrees

Sample	Fluidity/mm	Initial setting time/min	Final setting time/min
CSS-T0-20%	210	5	17
CSS-T30-20%	265	9	15
CSS-T60-20%	255	7	14

Fig.7 Effect of SS with different carbonization degrees on compressive strength of β-HPG

Fig.8 Effect of SS with different carbonization degrees on water absorption rate and softening coefficient of β-HPG

Fig.9 XRD patterns of samples with SS under different carbonization degrees

Fig.10 Thermogravimetric analysis curves of samples with SS under different carbonization degrees

Table 6 Thermal analysis data of samples with SS under different carbonization degrees

Sample	Mass loss rate/%
Sample	At 50~200 ℃	At 400~500 ℃	At 520~800 ℃	Total
CSS-T0-20%	15.75	0.06	2.51	19.13
CSS-T30-20%	15.25	0.16	4.38	21.51
CSS-T60-20%	15.05	0.29	4.29	20.93

Fig.11 FT-IR spectra of samples with SS under different carbonization degrees

Fig.12 SEM images of samples with SS under different carbonization degrees

Fig.13 Effect of SS with different carbonization degrees on pore structure of samples

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