BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (7): 2561-2572.DOI: 10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1285
• Road Materials • Previous Articles Next Articles
SHEN Yanli1,2(
), WEI Guanchao1, WANG Peng1(), WANG Jiawei1, XU Lei3, WANG Hui3, WANG Zhiling3, WEI Aikui3
Received:2025-12-23
Revised:2026-02-11
Online:2026-07-15
Published:2026-08-13
Contact:
WANG Peng
CLC Number:
SHEN Yanli, WEI Guanchao, WANG Peng, WANG Jiawei, XU Lei, WANG Hui, WANG Zhiling, WEI Aikui. Mechanical Properties Analysis and Optimal Mix Proportion Prediction of Cement-Stabilized Crushed Stone with Recycled Aggregate[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(7): 2561-2572.
| Aggregate | Apparent density/（g·cm-3） | Water absorption/% | Needle sheet mass fraction/% | Crushing value/% | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
19.00~ 26.50 mm | 9.50~< 19.00 mm | 4.75~< 9.50 mm | 19.00~ 26.50 mm | 9.50~< 19.00 mm | 4.75~< 9.50 mm | 19.00~ 26.50 mm | 9.50~< 19.00 mm | 4.75~< 9.50 mm | 9.50~ 13.20 mm | |
| Natural aggregate | 2.777 | 2.725 | 2.736 | 1.38 | 0.49 | 0.81 | 6.9 | 8.7 | 13.9 | 23.10 |
| Recycled aggregate | 2.643 | 2.659 | 2.649 | 2.29 | 2.97 | 3.72 | 8.1 | 15.8 | 17.1 | 24.50 |
Table 1 Properties of coarse aggregate
| Aggregate | Apparent density/（g·cm-3） | Water absorption/% | Needle sheet mass fraction/% | Crushing value/% | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
19.00~ 26.50 mm | 9.50~< 19.00 mm | 4.75~< 9.50 mm | 19.00~ 26.50 mm | 9.50~< 19.00 mm | 4.75~< 9.50 mm | 19.00~ 26.50 mm | 9.50~< 19.00 mm | 4.75~< 9.50 mm | 9.50~ 13.20 mm | |
| Natural aggregate | 2.777 | 2.725 | 2.736 | 1.38 | 0.49 | 0.81 | 6.9 | 8.7 | 13.9 | 23.10 |
| Recycled aggregate | 2.643 | 2.659 | 2.649 | 2.29 | 2.97 | 3.72 | 8.1 | 15.8 | 17.1 | 24.50 |
| Aggregate | Apparent density/（g·cm-3） | Water absorption/% |
|---|---|---|
| Natural aggregate | 2.757 | 2.41 |
| Recycled aggregate | 2.719 | 2.74 |
Table 2 Properties of fine aggregate
| Aggregate | Apparent density/（g·cm-3） | Water absorption/% |
|---|---|---|
| Natural aggregate | 2.757 | 2.41 |
| Recycled aggregate | 2.719 | 2.74 |
| Testing index | Chloride mass fraction/% | Stability/% | Setting time/min | Flexural strength/MPa | Compressive strength/MPa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial | Final | 3 d | 28 d | 3 d | 28 d | |||
| Measured value | 0.048 | 0.2 | 264 | 437 | 4.7 | Qualified | 16.8 | Qualified |
Table 3 Index indicators of P·SS 32.5 steel slag granulated blast furnace slag portland cement
| Testing index | Chloride mass fraction/% | Stability/% | Setting time/min | Flexural strength/MPa | Compressive strength/MPa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial | Final | 3 d | 28 d | 3 d | 28 d | |||
| Measured value | 0.048 | 0.2 | 264 | 437 | 4.7 | Qualified | 16.8 | Qualified |
| Gradation | Cement mass fraction/% | Total recycled aggregate mass fraction/% | Recycled aggregate mass fraction of different particle sizes/% | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0~<4.75 mm | 4.75~<9.50 mm | 9.50~<19.00 mm | 19.00~26.50 mm | |||
| RACS-0 | 4.50 | 4.15 | 0 | 0 | 3.00 | 1.15 |
| RACS-1 | 4.50 | 56.20 | 27.00 | 8.00 | 12.00 | 9.20 |
| RACS-2 | 4.50 | 78.10 | 27.00 | 14.00 | 21.00 | 16.10 |
| RACS-3 | 4.50 | 100.00 | 27.00 | 20.00 | 30.00 | 23.00 |
| RACS-4 | 3.50 | 56.20 | 27.00 | 8.00 | 12.00 | 9.20 |
| RACS-5 | 3.50 | 78.10 | 27.00 | 14.00 | 21.00 | 16.10 |
| RACS-6 | 3.50 | 100.00 | 27.00 | 20.00 | 30.00 | 23.00 |
| RACS-7 | 5.50 | 56.20 | 27.00 | 8.00 | 12.00 | 9.20 |
| RACS-8 | 5.50 | 78.10 | 27.00 | 14.00 | 21.00 | 16.10 |
| RACS-9 | 5.50 | 100.00 | 27.00 | 20.00 | 30.00 | 23.00 |
Table 4 Specimen grouping and material content
| Gradation | Cement mass fraction/% | Total recycled aggregate mass fraction/% | Recycled aggregate mass fraction of different particle sizes/% | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0~<4.75 mm | 4.75~<9.50 mm | 9.50~<19.00 mm | 19.00~26.50 mm | |||
| RACS-0 | 4.50 | 4.15 | 0 | 0 | 3.00 | 1.15 |
| RACS-1 | 4.50 | 56.20 | 27.00 | 8.00 | 12.00 | 9.20 |
| RACS-2 | 4.50 | 78.10 | 27.00 | 14.00 | 21.00 | 16.10 |
| RACS-3 | 4.50 | 100.00 | 27.00 | 20.00 | 30.00 | 23.00 |
| RACS-4 | 3.50 | 56.20 | 27.00 | 8.00 | 12.00 | 9.20 |
| RACS-5 | 3.50 | 78.10 | 27.00 | 14.00 | 21.00 | 16.10 |
| RACS-6 | 3.50 | 100.00 | 27.00 | 20.00 | 30.00 | 23.00 |
| RACS-7 | 5.50 | 56.20 | 27.00 | 8.00 | 12.00 | 9.20 |
| RACS-8 | 5.50 | 78.10 | 27.00 | 14.00 | 21.00 | 16.10 |
| RACS-9 | 5.50 | 100.00 | 27.00 | 20.00 | 30.00 | 23.00 |
Fig.1 Maximum dry density
Fig.2 Optimal moisture content
Fig.3 Effect of cement content on optimal moisture content and maximum dry density
Fig.4 Effect of recycled aggregate content on optimal
| Gradation | Cement mass fraction/% | Total recycled aggregate mass fraction/% | Maximum dry density/ （g·cm-3） | Optimal moisture mass fraction/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RACS-0 | 4.50 | 4.15 | 2.381 5 | 5.64 |
| RACS-1 | 4.50 | 56.20 | 2.261 0 | 6.16 |
| RACS-2 | 4.50 | 78.10 | 2.227 3 | 6.46 |
| RACS-3 | 4.50 | 100.00 | 2.215 3 | 7.16 |
| RACS-4 | 3.50 | 56.20 | 2.258 7 | 6.04 |
| RACS-5 | 3.50 | 78.10 | 2.223 2 | 6.40 |
| RACS-6 | 3.50 | 100.00 | 2.214 3 | 7.02 |
| RACS-7 | 5.50 | 56.20 | 2.268 2 | 6.72 |
| RACS-8 | 5.50 | 78.10 | 2.240 9 | 7.16 |
| RACS-9 | 5.50 | 100.00 | 2.238 9 | 7.23 |
Table 5 Compaction test plan and results
| Gradation | Cement mass fraction/% | Total recycled aggregate mass fraction/% | Maximum dry density/ （g·cm-3） | Optimal moisture mass fraction/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RACS-0 | 4.50 | 4.15 | 2.381 5 | 5.64 |
| RACS-1 | 4.50 | 56.20 | 2.261 0 | 6.16 |
| RACS-2 | 4.50 | 78.10 | 2.227 3 | 6.46 |
| RACS-3 | 4.50 | 100.00 | 2.215 3 | 7.16 |
| RACS-4 | 3.50 | 56.20 | 2.258 7 | 6.04 |
| RACS-5 | 3.50 | 78.10 | 2.223 2 | 6.40 |
| RACS-6 | 3.50 | 100.00 | 2.214 3 | 7.02 |
| RACS-7 | 5.50 | 56.20 | 2.268 2 | 6.72 |
| RACS-8 | 5.50 | 78.10 | 2.240 9 | 7.16 |
| RACS-9 | 5.50 | 100.00 | 2.238 9 | 7.23 |
Fig.5 Effect of recycled aggregate content on 7 d unconfined compressive strength representative value
Fig.6 Effect of recycled aggregate content on 90 d unconfined compressive strength representative value
| Gradation | Cement mass fraction/% | Total recycled aggregate mass fraction/% | 7 d unconfined compressive strength representative value/MPa | 90 d unconfined compressive strength representative value/MPa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RACS-0 | 4.50 | 4.15 | 4.04 | 5.03 |
| RACS-1 | 4.50 | 56.20 | 4.10 | 5.61 |
| RACS-2 | 4.50 | 78.10 | 4.18 | 6.43 |
| RACS-3 | 4.50 | 100.00 | 3.54 | 4.89 |
| RACS-4 | 3.50 | 56.20 | 3.54 | 4.90 |
| RACS-5 | 3.50 | 78.10 | 3.78 | 5.19 |
| RACS-6 | 3.50 | 100.00 | 3.19 | 4.37 |
| RACS-7 | 5.50 | 56.20 | 4.17 | 6.37 |
| RACS-8 | 5.50 | 78.10 | 4.24 | 7.07 |
| RACS-9 | 5.50 | 100.00 | 3.87 | 6.00 |
Table 6 Test results of unconfined compressive strength
| Gradation | Cement mass fraction/% | Total recycled aggregate mass fraction/% | 7 d unconfined compressive strength representative value/MPa | 90 d unconfined compressive strength representative value/MPa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RACS-0 | 4.50 | 4.15 | 4.04 | 5.03 |
| RACS-1 | 4.50 | 56.20 | 4.10 | 5.61 |
| RACS-2 | 4.50 | 78.10 | 4.18 | 6.43 |
| RACS-3 | 4.50 | 100.00 | 3.54 | 4.89 |
| RACS-4 | 3.50 | 56.20 | 3.54 | 4.90 |
| RACS-5 | 3.50 | 78.10 | 3.78 | 5.19 |
| RACS-6 | 3.50 | 100.00 | 3.19 | 4.37 |
| RACS-7 | 5.50 | 56.20 | 4.17 | 6.37 |
| RACS-8 | 5.50 | 78.10 | 4.24 | 7.07 |
| RACS-9 | 5.50 | 100.00 | 3.87 | 6.00 |
Fig.7 Results of compressive resilience modulus
| Gradation | Cement mass fraction/% | Total recycled aggregate mass fraction/% | 90 d compressive resilience modulus/MPa |
|---|---|---|---|
| RACS-0 | 4.50 | 4.15 | 2 278 |
| RACS-1 | 4.50 | 56.20 | 2 169 |
| RACS-2 | 4.50 | 78.10 | 1 855 |
| RACS-3 | 4.50 | 100.00 | 1 616 |
| RACS-4 | 3.50 | 56.20 | 2 024 |
| RACS-5 | 3.50 | 78.10 | 1 742 |
| RACS-6 | 3.50 | 100.00 | 1 447 |
| RACS-7 | 5.50 | 56.20 | 2 258 |
| RACS-8 | 5.50 | 78.10 | 1 925 |
| RACS-9 | 5.50 | 100.00 | 1 729 |
Table 7 Test results of 90 d compressive resilience modulus
| Gradation | Cement mass fraction/% | Total recycled aggregate mass fraction/% | 90 d compressive resilience modulus/MPa |
|---|---|---|---|
| RACS-0 | 4.50 | 4.15 | 2 278 |
| RACS-1 | 4.50 | 56.20 | 2 169 |
| RACS-2 | 4.50 | 78.10 | 1 855 |
| RACS-3 | 4.50 | 100.00 | 1 616 |
| RACS-4 | 3.50 | 56.20 | 2 024 |
| RACS-5 | 3.50 | 78.10 | 1 742 |
| RACS-6 | 3.50 | 100.00 | 1 447 |
| RACS-7 | 5.50 | 56.20 | 2 258 |
| RACS-8 | 5.50 | 78.10 | 1 925 |
| RACS-9 | 5.50 | 100.00 | 1 729 |
| Gradation | Cement mass fraction/% | Total recycled aggregate mass fraction/% | 90 d splitting strength/MPa |
|---|---|---|---|
| RACS-0 | 4.50 | 4.15 | 0.54 |
| RACS-1 | 4.50 | 56.20 | 0.56 |
| RACS-2 | 4.50 | 78.10 | 0.63 |
| RACS-3 | 4.50 | 100.00 | 0.55 |
| RACS-4 | 3.50 | 56.20 | 0.51 |
| RACS-5 | 3.50 | 78.10 | 0.57 |
| RACS-6 | 3.50 | 100.00 | 0.50 |
| RACS-7 | 5.50 | 56.20 | 0.58 |
| RACS-8 | 5.50 | 78.10 | 0.64 |
| RACS-9 | 5.50 | 100.00 | 0.56 |
Table 8 Test results of 90 d splitting strength
| Gradation | Cement mass fraction/% | Total recycled aggregate mass fraction/% | 90 d splitting strength/MPa |
|---|---|---|---|
| RACS-0 | 4.50 | 4.15 | 0.54 |
| RACS-1 | 4.50 | 56.20 | 0.56 |
| RACS-2 | 4.50 | 78.10 | 0.63 |
| RACS-3 | 4.50 | 100.00 | 0.55 |
| RACS-4 | 3.50 | 56.20 | 0.51 |
| RACS-5 | 3.50 | 78.10 | 0.57 |
| RACS-6 | 3.50 | 100.00 | 0.50 |
| RACS-7 | 5.50 | 56.20 | 0.58 |
| RACS-8 | 5.50 | 78.10 | 0.64 |
| RACS-9 | 5.50 | 100.00 | 0.56 |
Fig.8 Effect of recycled aggregate content on 90 d splitting strength
Fig.9 Flowchart of genetic algorithm optimization
Fig.10 Evolution process of genetic algorithm
Fig.11 Prediction of optimal mixture proportion
Fig.12 Evaluation results of 7 d unconfined compressive strength prediction
Fig.13 Evaluation results of 90 d unconfined compressive strength prediction
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Abstract |
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