电石渣改良膨胀土工程特性与微观机理研究

doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0923

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对吉林省延边地区膨胀土因胀缩变形与力学性能劣化引发的工程地质灾变问题，本文以电石渣为固化材料开展膨胀土改良研究。通过自由膨胀率、无荷载膨胀率和膨胀力试验探讨电石渣改良膨胀土的膨胀特性，通过无侧限抗压强度、直接剪切和水稳定性试验研究电石渣改良膨胀土强度和水稳定特性，通过界限含水率、电导率、pH值、粒度分布、X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜测试探讨电石渣改良膨胀土机制。结果表明：掺入电石渣能抑制膨胀土的膨胀特性，提升土体的强度和水稳定性，8%（质量分数）的电石渣改良效果最佳；电石渣与膨胀土发生离子交换反应，颗粒发生絮凝团聚，促使改良膨胀土的黏土颗粒含量降低，砂粒含量增加，塑性指数降低；电石渣的高pH值为火山灰反应提供适宜的碱性环境，促进了水化硅酸钙和水化硅铝酸钙的生成；碳酸化生成的碳酸钙与水化产物共同作用，通过胶结和硬化土颗粒形成致密的整体结构，从而提高改良膨胀土的强度。

关键词: 电石渣, 膨胀土, 膨胀特性, 强度特性, 水稳定性, 微观机理

Abstract:

Addressing the engineering geological disasters caused by the swelling-shrinking deformation and deteriorating mechanical properties of expansive soil in Yanbian area， Jilin Province， the improvement of expansive soil using carbide slag as a solidification material was studied in this paper. The expansion characteristics of carbide slag-improved expansive soil were explored through tests on free expansion rate， unloaded expansion rate， and expansion force. The strength and water stability characteristics of carbide slag-improved expansive soil were studied through unconfined compressive strength， direct shear， and water stability tests. The mechanism of carbide slag-improved expansive soil was investigated through tests on limit moisture content， conductivity， pH value， particle size distribution， X-ray diffraction， and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that the incorporation of carbide slag can inhibit the expansion characteristics of expansive soil and enhance the strength and water stability of the soil. The improvement effect is optimal when using 8% （mass fraction） carbide slag. The ion exchange reaction between carbide slag and expansive soil leads to flocculation and agglomeration of particles， resulting in a decrease in the clay particle content and an increase in the sand particle content of the improved expansive soil， as well as a reduction in the plasticity index. The high pH value of carbide slag provides a favorable alkaline environment for the pozzolanic reaction， and the hydrated calcium silicate and calcium silicoaluminate formed by hydration， along with calcium carbonate formed by carbonation， jointly bond and harden the soil particles to form a dense overall structure， thereby enhancing the strength of the improved expansive soil.

Key words: carbide slag, expansive soil, expansion characteristic, strength characteristic, water stability, microscopic mechanism

中图分类号:

TU443

苑晓青, 赵祥铭, 牛岑岑, 刘田田, 勾乙林. 电石渣改良膨胀土工程特性与微观机理研究[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2026, 45(4): 1445-1458.

YUAN Xiaoqing, ZHAO Xiangming, NIU Cencen, LIU Tiantian, GOU Yilin. Engineering Characteristics and Microscopic Mechanism of Expansive Soil Improved by Carbide Slag[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(4): 1445-1458.

图/表 21

表1 膨胀土的基本物理化学指标

Table 1 Basic physical and chemical indicators of expansive soil

Natural water content/%	Liquidlimit/%	Plasticlimit/%	Plasticityindex/%	Maximum dry density/（g·cm^-3）	Optimalmoisturecontent/%	Naturaldensity/（g·cm^-3）	Freeexpansion rate/%	pH value
20.61	50.29	25.07	25.22	1.675	19.513	2.02	71	7.3

图1 膨胀土和电石渣粒度分布曲线

Fig.1 Particle size distribution curves of expansive soil and carbide slag

表2 膨胀土的矿物成分

Table 2 Mineral composition of expansive soil

Composition	Illite-smectite mixed layer	Illite	Kaolinite	Quartz	K-feldspar	Plagioclase	Hematite
Mass fraction/%	29.1	8.5	1.2	38.1	9.5	13.0	0.6

表3 膨胀土的膨胀潜势分级

Table 3 Expansive potential classification of expansive soil

Degree of expansion	Free expansion rate/%	Montmorillonite content/%	Cation exchange capacity/（mmol·kg^-1）
Strong	≥90	≥27	≥360
Moderate	60~90	17~27	260~360
Weak	40~60	7~17	170~260

表4 电石渣的主要化学成分

Table 4 Main chemical composition of carbide slag

Composition	SiO₂	Fe₂O₃	Al₂O₃	CaO	MgO	SO₃	Loss on ignition	Moisture	Other
Mass fraction/%	1.53	0.45	1.93	67.95	0	0.31	25.75	0.50	1.58

图2 试样的制备过程及试验方法

Fig.2 Preparation of specimens and test methods

图3 自由膨胀率与电石渣掺量的关系

Fig.3 Relationship between free expansion rate and carbide slag content

图4 无荷载膨胀率与电石渣掺量的关系

Fig.4 Relationship between unloaded expansion rate and carbide slag content

图5 膨胀力与电石渣掺量的关系

Fig.5 Relationship between expansive force and carbide slag content

图6 无侧限抗压强度与电石渣掺量的关系

Fig.6 Relationship between unconfined compressive strength and carbide slag content

图7 电石渣掺量对内聚力和内摩擦角的影响

Fig.7 Effect of carbide slag content on cohesion and internal friction angle

图8 土体浸水后形态

Fig.8 Morphology of soil after water immersion

表5 水稳定性试验结果

Table 5 Water stability test results

CS content/%	Strength of specimen after28 d of curing/kPa	Strength after immersion for 1 d/kPa	Water stabilitycoefficient/%
2	389	124	31.9
4	749	458	61.1
6	1 187	847	71.4
8	1 342	1 039	77.4

图9 界限含水率与电石渣掺量的关系

Fig.9 Relationship between limit moisture content and carbide slag content

图10 不同养护龄期改良膨胀土的电导率

Fig.10 Conductivity of improved expansive soil at different curing ages

图11 不同养护龄期改良膨胀土的pH值

Fig.11 pH value of improved expensive soil at different curing ages

图12 素土及改良膨胀土的粒度分布

Fig.12 Particle size distribution of plain soil and improved expansive soil

图13 素土与改良膨胀土的XRD谱

Fig.13 XRD patterns of plain soil and improved expansive soil

图14 素土及改良膨胀土的SEM照片

Fig.14 SEM images of plain soil and improved expansive soil

图15 水化产物的EDS分析结果

Fig.15 EDS analysis results of hydration products

图16 微观反应机制示意图

Fig.16 Schematic diagram of microscopic reaction mechanism

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