3D打印混凝土力学各向异性及孔隙演化机理

doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1282

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

3D打印混凝土（3DPC）的各向异性与层间弱化是制约其结构应用的瓶颈。本研究旨在通过宏微观跨尺度分析，探究3DPC的可建造性、力学行为与孔隙结构间的内在关联。首先设计了适用于挤出工艺的材料体系，随后，结合X射线计算机断层扫描（X-CT）与数字图像相关（DIC）技术，定量分析了孔隙特征及其对损伤演化的影响。结果表明，3DPC具有优异的触变性与可建造性，在极限堆叠试验中实现了19层连续打印而不发生塌陷。DIC分析揭示了显著的裂缝演化各向异性，X方向加载导致裂缝由边缘向上下扩展，Y方向加载呈现底部向上蔓延特征，而Z方向加载则诱发沿层间界面的45°剪切破坏。微观分析进一步证实，3DPC内部形状复杂的孔隙及层间界面是裂缝萌生的源头。本研究不仅验证了材料的打印性能，更为揭示3DPC损伤机理及实现裂缝精准控制提供了依据。

关键词: 3D打印混凝土, 孔隙结构, 可建造性, 抗压强度, 各向异性, 裂缝

Abstract:

3D printed concrete （3DPC） faces challenges regarding anisotropy and interlayer weakness， which limit its structural applications. This study investigated the intrinsic correlations between buildability， mechanical behavior， and pore structure of 3DPC through macro-micro scale analysis. Firstly， a material system suitable for extrusion was designed. Furthermore， X-ray computed tomography （X-CT） and digital image correlation （DIC） were employed to quantitatively analyze pore characteristics and their influence on damage evolution. The results show that 3DPC has excellent thixotropy and buildability， and achieves 19 layers of continuous stacking without collapse in ultimate buildability tests. DIC analysis reveals significant anisotropy in crack evolution： X-direction loading causes cracks to propagate upwards and downwards from the edges， Y-direction loading shows bottom-up propagation， while Z-direction loading induces 45° shear failure along the interlayer interface. Microscopic analysis confirms that the complex irregular pores and interlayer interfaces within 3DPC are the sources of crack initiation. This study not only validates the printing performance of the material but also provides a basis for revealing the damage mechanism and achieving crack precise control in 3DPC.

Key words: 3D printed concrete, pore structure, buildability, compressive strength, anisotropy, crack

中图分类号:

TU528

马莲霞, 刘超, 陈伟, 朱文轩, 赵维飞, 杨秋菊. 3D打印混凝土力学各向异性及孔隙演化机理[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2026, 45(6): 1914-1923.

MA Lianxia, LIU Chao, CHEN Wei, ZHU Wenxuan, ZHAO Weifei, YANG Qiuju. Mechanical Anisotropy and Pore Evolution Mechanism of 3D Printed Concrete[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(6): 1914-1923.

图/表 16

表1 OPC， FA 和SF的主要化学成分

Table 1 Main chemical composition of OPC， FA and SF

Material	Mass fraction/%
Material	CaO	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	SO₃	MgO	K₂O	Na₂O
OPC	63.9	20.6	4.8	3.7	2.4	1.4	0.6	0.4
SF	1.0	86.6	0.5	1.5	0.6	2.8	2.0	0.6
FA`	5.8	51.4	28.2	3.4	1.1	1.3	0.7	0.9

表2 可打印混合料的配合比

Table 2 Mix ratio for printable mixtures

Material	OPC	ESA	Sand	FA	SF	CE	PVA	SP
Mix ratio/（g·L^-1）	756.4	146.4	1 220.0	48.8	24.4	0.3	0.6	2.9

图1 试件打印、切割和加载方向示意图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of specimen printing， cutting and loading direction

图2 3DPC试件的堆叠形态

Fig.2 Stacked form of 3DPC specimen

图3 砂浆的流动度测试

Fig.3 Fluidity test of mortar

图4 不同试件抗压强度对比

Fig.4 Comparison of compressive strength of different specimens

图5 养护7 d的浇筑试件加载情况

Fig.5 Cast specimens loaded at 7 d of curing

图6 养护7 d沿X方向加载的打印试件

Fig.6 Printed specimens loaded in X-direction at 7 d of curing

图7 养护7 d沿Y方向加载的打印试件

Fig.7 Printed specimens loaded in Y-direction at 7 d of curing

图8 养护7 d沿Z方向加载的打印试件

Fig.8 Printed specimens loaded in Z-direction at 7 d of curing

图9 不同试件劈裂抗拉强度对比

Fig.9 Comparison of splitting tensile strength for different specimens

图10 不同试件抗弯强度对比

Fig.10 Comparison of flexural strength for different specimens

图11 试件三维孔隙结构分布

Fig.11 Three-dimensional pore structure distribution of specimens

图12 不同试件的切片图像

Fig.12 Slice images of different specimens

图13 养护1 d时不同试件的孔隙率分布（Z方向）

Fig.13 Porosity distribution of different specimens at 1 d of curing （Z-direction）

图14 养护28 d时不同试件的孔隙率分布（Z方向）

Fig.14 Porosity distribution of different specimens at 28 d of curing （Z-direction）

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