硅酸盐通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (6): 2191-2202.DOI: 10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1097
黄锐1,2(
), 康鹏1, 李勤良3, 王涛4, 邹东4, 张俊云1(
), 张乐1,2, 陈春陆1
收稿日期:2025-11-10
修订日期:2026-01-05
出版日期:2026-06-15
发布日期:2026-07-14
通信作者:
张俊云,博士,副教授。E-mail:zjy74@126.com作者简介:黄 锐(1985—),男,博士研究生,正高级工程师。主要从事公路软土地基处理的研究。E-mail:281792636@qq.com
基金资助:
HUANG Rui1,2(
), KANG Peng1, LI Qinliang3, WANG Tao4, ZOU Dong4, ZHANG Junyun1(
), ZHANG Le1,2, CHEN Chunlu1
Received:2025-11-10
Revised:2026-01-05
Published:2026-06-15
Online:2026-07-14
摘要:
为解决四川盆地沟谷相软弱土路基的工程问题,本研究采用普通硅酸盐水泥、粉煤灰、玄武岩纤维和聚乙烯醇树脂制备复合固化剂,以无侧限抗压强度为评价指标,优化固化剂配合比以提升其对软弱土的固化效果。首先通过单因素试验确定了各材料的合理掺量范围,在此基础上,采用中心复合设计响应面法设计了四因素五水平的试验方案,建立了不同养护龄期(7, 28, 60 d)下固化土无侧限抗压强度与各因素间的二次回归模型,并分析了各因素及其交互作用对强度的影响规律。结果表明:所建模型拟合度良好(R2>0.952 4),通过模型优化得到复合固化剂的最优配合比为m(水泥)∶m(粉煤灰)∶m(玄武岩纤维)∶m(聚乙烯醇树脂)=8.00∶4.91∶0.34∶0.46,该配合比下,各龄期强度的预测值与试验值相对误差均小于10%,验证了模型的可靠性。机理分析表明,水泥水化产物的胶结作用、粉煤灰的微集料填充效应、玄武岩纤维的加筋作用及聚乙烯醇树脂形成的网络结构,共同提高了土体的强度和稳定性。本研究为四川盆地沟谷相软弱土固化提供了可靠的材料配合比方案和依据。
中图分类号:
黄锐, 康鹏, 李勤良, 王涛, 邹东, 张俊云, 张乐, 陈春陆. 基于响应面法的四川盆地沟谷相软弱土固化配合比优化研究[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2026, 45(6): 2191-2202.
HUANG Rui, KANG Peng, LI Qinliang, WANG Tao, ZOU Dong, ZHANG Junyun, ZHANG Le, CHEN Chunlu. Optimization of Stabilization Mix Proportion for Gully-Phase Soft Soil in Sichuan Basin Based on Response Surface Methodology[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(6): 2191-2202.
Natural water content/% | Bulk density ρ/(g·cm-3) | Void ratio | Specific gravity | Liquid limit wL/% | Plastic limit wP/% | Cohesion c/kPa | Internal friction angle φ/(°) | Unconfined compressive strength/kPa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 39.21 | 1.88 | 0.92 | 2.76 | 44.62 | 31.85 | 28.62 | 7.56 | 79.11 |
表1 沟谷相软弱土的物理力学指标
Table 1 Physical and mechanical indexes of gully-phase soft soil
Natural water content/% | Bulk density ρ/(g·cm-3) | Void ratio | Specific gravity | Liquid limit wL/% | Plastic limit wP/% | Cohesion c/kPa | Internal friction angle φ/(°) | Unconfined compressive strength/kPa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 39.21 | 1.88 | 0.92 | 2.76 | 44.62 | 31.85 | 28.62 | 7.56 | 79.11 |
| Material | Mass fraction/% | Loss on ignition | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | SO3 | ||
| Cement | 60.12 | 24.58 | 6.07 | 4.03 | 0.79 | 0.93 | ≤5.0 |
| Fly ash | 5.60 | 45.10 | 24.20 | — | — | 2.10 | 2.8 |
表2 水泥、粉煤灰的主要化学组成
Table 2 Main chemical composition of cement and fly ash
| Material | Mass fraction/% | Loss on ignition | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | SO3 | ||
| Cement | 60.12 | 24.58 | 6.07 | 4.03 | 0.79 | 0.93 | ≤5.0 |
| Fly ash | 5.60 | 45.10 | 24.20 | — | — | 2.10 | 2.8 |
| Fiber length/mm | Fiber diameter/μm | Tensile strength/GPa | Elastic modulus/GPa | Specific gravity | Resistance to high and low temperatures/℃ | Chemical resistance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | 17 | 3.0~4.8 | 100 | 2.63~3.05 | -269~700 | Acid and alkali |
表3 6 mm短切玄武岩纤维主要参数
Table 3 Main parameters of 6 mm chopped basalt fibers
| Fiber length/mm | Fiber diameter/μm | Tensile strength/GPa | Elastic modulus/GPa | Specific gravity | Resistance to high and low temperatures/℃ | Chemical resistance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | 17 | 3.0~4.8 | 100 | 2.63~3.05 | -269~700 | Acid and alkali |
| Average degree of polymerization | Viscosity/(mPa·s) | PVA content/% | NaOH content/% | Volatile matter/% | Residue on ignition/% | pH value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 750±50 | 50~70 | ≥99.0 | ≤0.2 | ≤9.0 | ≤0.6 | 5.0~7.0 |
表4 聚乙烯醇树脂主要参数
Table 4 Main parameters of polyvinyl alcohol resin
| Average degree of polymerization | Viscosity/(mPa·s) | PVA content/% | NaOH content/% | Volatile matter/% | Residue on ignition/% | pH value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 750±50 | 50~70 | ≥99.0 | ≤0.2 | ≤9.0 | ≤0.6 | 5.0~7.0 |
| Stabilization materials | Mass ratio/% | Curing age/d |
|---|---|---|
| Cement | 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10 | 7 |
| Fly ash | 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10 | 7 |
表5 水泥、粉煤灰试验方案
Table 5 Test scheme cement and fly ash
| Stabilization materials | Mass ratio/% | Curing age/d |
|---|---|---|
| Cement | 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10 | 7 |
| Fly ash | 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10 | 7 |
| Stabilization materials | Cement content/% | Curing age/d | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | ||
| Basalt fibers | 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0 | 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0 | 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0 | 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0 | 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0 | 7 |
| Polyvinyl alcohol resin | 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 | 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 | 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 | 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 | 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 | 7 |
表6 玄武岩纤维、聚乙烯醇树脂试验方案
Table 6 Test scheme basalt fibers and polyvinyl alcohol resin
| Stabilization materials | Cement content/% | Curing age/d | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | ||
| Basalt fibers | 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0 | 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0 | 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0 | 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0 | 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0 | 7 |
| Polyvinyl alcohol resin | 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 | 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 | 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 | 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 | 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 | 7 |
| Influencing factor | Factor number | Coded value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | ||
| Ordinary Portland cement content | X1 | 2 | 3.5 | 5 | 6.5 | 8 |
| Grade Ⅱ fly ash content | X2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Basalt fiber content | X3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
| Polyvinyl alcohol resin content | X4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
表7 CCD试验方案
Table 7 CCD test scheme
| Influencing factor | Factor number | Coded value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | ||
| Ordinary Portland cement content | X1 | 2 | 3.5 | 5 | 6.5 | 8 |
| Grade Ⅱ fly ash content | X2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Basalt fiber content | X3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
| Polyvinyl alcohol resin content | X4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
图2 不同掺量的水泥、粉煤灰、玄武岩纤维及聚乙烯醇树脂对固化土7 d无侧限抗压强度的影响
Fig.2 Effects of cement, fly ash, basalt fiber, and polyvinyl alcohol resin with different content on 7 d unconfined compressive strength of stabilized soil
| Number | Factor | Y7/kPa | Y28/kPa | Y60/kPa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | ||||
| 1 | -1.0 | -1.0 | -1.0 | -1.0 | 452.19 | 959.93 | 1 032.64 |
| 2 | 1.0 | -1.0 | -1.0 | -1.0 | 884.45 | 1 307.06 | 1 402.43 |
| 3 | -1.0 | 1.0 | -1.0 | -1.0 | 563.62 | 1 042.82 | 1 141.24 |
| 4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | -1.0 | -1.0 | 1 104.59 | 1 652.72 | 1 750.20 |
| 5 | -1.0 | -1.0 | 1.0 | -1.0 | 507.19 | 957.45 | 1 097.57 |
| 6 | 1.0 | -1.0 | 1.0 | -1.0 | 954.90 | 1 433.62 | 1 549.21 |
| 7 | -1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | -1.0 | 561.64 | 1 031.82 | 1 171.73 |
| 8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | -1.0 | 1 139.61 | 1 689.29 | 1 791.57 |
| 9 | -1.0 | -1.0 | -1.0 | 1.0 | 463.69 | 1 028.13 | 1 147.96 |
| 10 | 1.0 | -1.0 | -1.0 | 1.0 | 1 069.07 | 1 597.83 | 1 820.46 |
| 11 | -1.0 | 1.0 | -1.0 | 1.0 | 575.26 | 1 077.28 | 1 213.48 |
| 12 | 1.0 | 1.0 | -1.0 | 1.0 | 1 207.40 | 1 858.27 | 2 014.95 |
| 13 | -1.0 | -1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 502.41 | 1 003.15 | 1 187.97 |
| 14 | 1.0 | -1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1 097.20 | 1 704.31 | 1 764.14 |
| 15 | -1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 612.23 | 1 054.69 | 1 288.96 |
| 16 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1 256.24 | 1 899.69 | 2 058.83 |
| 17 | -2.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 405.47 | 970.06 | 1 084.97 |
| 18 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 561.65 | 2 147.86 | 2 231.96 |
| 19 | 0 | -2.0 | 0 | 0 | 670.22 | 1 056.02 | 1 225.87 |
| 20 | 0 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 780.31 | 1 514.20 | 1 612.87 |
| 21 | 0 | 0 | -2.0 | 0 | 693.03 | 1 558.94 | 1 531.29 |
| 22 | 0 | 0 | 2.0 | 0 | 734.41 | 1 599.58 | 1 750.61 |
| 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -2.0 | 654.01 | 1 336.05 | 1 492.98 |
| 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.0 | 756.54 | 1 658.37 | 1 773.60 |
| 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 774.62 | 1 681.24 | 1 877.99 |
| 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 747.12 | 1 530.95 | 1 782.60 |
| 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 838.36 | 1 725.31 | 1 665.55 |
| 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 850.15 | 1 570.74 | 1 694.66 |
| 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 762.68 | 1 670.19 | 1 718.91 |
| 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 839.56 | 1 617.21 | 1 901.00 |
表8 CCD法试验方案结果
Table 8 Results of CCD method test scheme
| Number | Factor | Y7/kPa | Y28/kPa | Y60/kPa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | ||||
| 1 | -1.0 | -1.0 | -1.0 | -1.0 | 452.19 | 959.93 | 1 032.64 |
| 2 | 1.0 | -1.0 | -1.0 | -1.0 | 884.45 | 1 307.06 | 1 402.43 |
| 3 | -1.0 | 1.0 | -1.0 | -1.0 | 563.62 | 1 042.82 | 1 141.24 |
| 4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | -1.0 | -1.0 | 1 104.59 | 1 652.72 | 1 750.20 |
| 5 | -1.0 | -1.0 | 1.0 | -1.0 | 507.19 | 957.45 | 1 097.57 |
| 6 | 1.0 | -1.0 | 1.0 | -1.0 | 954.90 | 1 433.62 | 1 549.21 |
| 7 | -1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | -1.0 | 561.64 | 1 031.82 | 1 171.73 |
| 8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | -1.0 | 1 139.61 | 1 689.29 | 1 791.57 |
| 9 | -1.0 | -1.0 | -1.0 | 1.0 | 463.69 | 1 028.13 | 1 147.96 |
| 10 | 1.0 | -1.0 | -1.0 | 1.0 | 1 069.07 | 1 597.83 | 1 820.46 |
| 11 | -1.0 | 1.0 | -1.0 | 1.0 | 575.26 | 1 077.28 | 1 213.48 |
| 12 | 1.0 | 1.0 | -1.0 | 1.0 | 1 207.40 | 1 858.27 | 2 014.95 |
| 13 | -1.0 | -1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 502.41 | 1 003.15 | 1 187.97 |
| 14 | 1.0 | -1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1 097.20 | 1 704.31 | 1 764.14 |
| 15 | -1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 612.23 | 1 054.69 | 1 288.96 |
| 16 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1 256.24 | 1 899.69 | 2 058.83 |
| 17 | -2.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 405.47 | 970.06 | 1 084.97 |
| 18 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 561.65 | 2 147.86 | 2 231.96 |
| 19 | 0 | -2.0 | 0 | 0 | 670.22 | 1 056.02 | 1 225.87 |
| 20 | 0 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 780.31 | 1 514.20 | 1 612.87 |
| 21 | 0 | 0 | -2.0 | 0 | 693.03 | 1 558.94 | 1 531.29 |
| 22 | 0 | 0 | 2.0 | 0 | 734.41 | 1 599.58 | 1 750.61 |
| 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -2.0 | 654.01 | 1 336.05 | 1 492.98 |
| 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.0 | 756.54 | 1 658.37 | 1 773.60 |
| 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 774.62 | 1 681.24 | 1 877.99 |
| 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 747.12 | 1 530.95 | 1 782.60 |
| 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 838.36 | 1 725.31 | 1 665.55 |
| 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 850.15 | 1 570.74 | 1 694.66 |
| 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 762.68 | 1 670.19 | 1 718.91 |
| 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 839.56 | 1 617.21 | 1 901.00 |
| Source | Y7 | Y28 | Y60 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F value | P value | Coefficient estimate | F value | P value | Coefficient estimate | F value | P value | Coefficient estimate | |
| R2 | 0.987 3 | 0.952 4 | 0.953 2 | ||||||
| Model | 83.43 | <0.000 1 | 802.08 | 21.43 | <0.000 1 | 1 632.61 | 21.83 | <0.000 1 | 1 773.45 |
| X1 | 1 040.14 | <0.000 1 | 282.82 | 217.53 | <0.000 1 | 305.96 | 214.26 | <0.000 1 | 298.51 |
| X2 | 38.72 | <0.000 1 | 54.57 | 20.09 | 0.000 4 | 92.98 | 20.25 | 0.000 4 | 91.77 |
| X3 | 3.50 | 0.080 9 | 16.41 | 0.442 7 | 0.515 9 | 13.80 | 2.84 | 0.112 5 | 34.39 |
| X4 | 15.19 | 0.001 4 | 34.18 | 12.97 | 0.002 6 | 74.72 | 18.79 | 0.000 6 | 88.39 |
| X1X2 | 3.36 | 0.086 8 | 19.68 | 3.87 | 0.068 1 | 49.95 | 3.34 | 0.087 7 | 45.63 |
| X1X3 | 0.097 8 | 0.758 8 | 3.36 | 0.837 7 | 0.374 5 | 23.25 | 0.007 8 | 0.931 0 | -2.20 |
| X1X4 | 7.72 | 0.014 1 | 29.84 | 3.93 | 0.066 0 | 50.39 | 3.71 | 0.073 2 | 48.11 |
| X2X3 | 0.182 7 | 0.675 1 | -4.59 | 0.157 2 | 0.697 3 | -10.07 | 0.000 1 | 0.991 8 | -0.261 2 |
| X2X4 | 0.091 5 | 0.766 5 | -3.25 | 0.247 1 | 0.626 3 | -12.63 | 0.086 0 | 0.773 3 | -7.32 |
| X3X4 | 0.001 2 | 0.973 4 | -0.364 4 | 0.014 7 | 0.905 0 | -3.08 | 0.182 1 | 0.204 1 | -11.28 |
| X12 | 37.09 | <0.000 1 | 49.96 | 4.97 | 0.041 6 | -43.25 | 6.68 | 0.020 7 | -49.32 |
| X22 | 3.18 | 0.095 0 | -14.62 | 33.14 | <0.000 1 | -111.71 | 32.70 | <0.000 1 | -109.09 |
| X32 | 4.55 | 0.049 8 | -17.50 | 3.87 | 0.068 0 | -38.17 | 7.92 | 0.013 1 | -53.70 |
| X42 | 5.72 | 0.030 3 | -19.61 | 9.15 | 0.008 5 | -58.68 | 8.50 | 0.010 7 | -55.61 |
表9 固化土二阶模型方差分析结果
Table 9 Results of variance analysis of second-order model of stabilized soil
| Source | Y7 | Y28 | Y60 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F value | P value | Coefficient estimate | F value | P value | Coefficient estimate | F value | P value | Coefficient estimate | |
| R2 | 0.987 3 | 0.952 4 | 0.953 2 | ||||||
| Model | 83.43 | <0.000 1 | 802.08 | 21.43 | <0.000 1 | 1 632.61 | 21.83 | <0.000 1 | 1 773.45 |
| X1 | 1 040.14 | <0.000 1 | 282.82 | 217.53 | <0.000 1 | 305.96 | 214.26 | <0.000 1 | 298.51 |
| X2 | 38.72 | <0.000 1 | 54.57 | 20.09 | 0.000 4 | 92.98 | 20.25 | 0.000 4 | 91.77 |
| X3 | 3.50 | 0.080 9 | 16.41 | 0.442 7 | 0.515 9 | 13.80 | 2.84 | 0.112 5 | 34.39 |
| X4 | 15.19 | 0.001 4 | 34.18 | 12.97 | 0.002 6 | 74.72 | 18.79 | 0.000 6 | 88.39 |
| X1X2 | 3.36 | 0.086 8 | 19.68 | 3.87 | 0.068 1 | 49.95 | 3.34 | 0.087 7 | 45.63 |
| X1X3 | 0.097 8 | 0.758 8 | 3.36 | 0.837 7 | 0.374 5 | 23.25 | 0.007 8 | 0.931 0 | -2.20 |
| X1X4 | 7.72 | 0.014 1 | 29.84 | 3.93 | 0.066 0 | 50.39 | 3.71 | 0.073 2 | 48.11 |
| X2X3 | 0.182 7 | 0.675 1 | -4.59 | 0.157 2 | 0.697 3 | -10.07 | 0.000 1 | 0.991 8 | -0.261 2 |
| X2X4 | 0.091 5 | 0.766 5 | -3.25 | 0.247 1 | 0.626 3 | -12.63 | 0.086 0 | 0.773 3 | -7.32 |
| X3X4 | 0.001 2 | 0.973 4 | -0.364 4 | 0.014 7 | 0.905 0 | -3.08 | 0.182 1 | 0.204 1 | -11.28 |
| X12 | 37.09 | <0.000 1 | 49.96 | 4.97 | 0.041 6 | -43.25 | 6.68 | 0.020 7 | -49.32 |
| X22 | 3.18 | 0.095 0 | -14.62 | 33.14 | <0.000 1 | -111.71 | 32.70 | <0.000 1 | -109.09 |
| X32 | 4.55 | 0.049 8 | -17.50 | 3.87 | 0.068 0 | -38.17 | 7.92 | 0.013 1 | -53.70 |
| X42 | 5.72 | 0.030 3 | -19.61 | 9.15 | 0.008 5 | -58.68 | 8.50 | 0.010 7 | -55.61 |
| Curing age/d | Actual value/kPa | Predicted value/kPa | Relative error/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | 1 599.89 | 1 740.26 | 8.77 |
| 28 | 2 159.53 | 2 278.35 | 5.50 |
| 60 | 2 305.27 | 2 389.33 | 3.65 |
表10 最佳配合比方案实际值与预测值
Table 10 Actual value and predicted value of optimum mix proportion scheme
| Curing age/d | Actual value/kPa | Predicted value/kPa | Relative error/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | 1 599.89 | 1 740.26 | 8.77 |
| 28 | 2 159.53 | 2 278.35 | 5.50 |
| 60 | 2 305.27 | 2 389.33 | 3.65 |
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