硅酸盐通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (5): 1709-1726.DOI: 10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1036
收稿日期:2025-10-27
修订日期:2025-12-06
出版日期:2026-05-15
发布日期:2026-06-10
通信作者:
王洪磊,博士,副教授。 E-mail:honglei.wang@163.com作者简介:姜力(2002—),男,硕士研究生。主要从事陶瓷基复合材料方面的研究。E-mail:plakj2021@163.com
JIANG Li(
), WANG Honglei(
), ZHOU Xingui, YU Jinshan
Received:2025-10-27
Revised:2025-12-06
Published:2026-05-15
Online:2026-06-10
摘要:
高超声速飞行器在极端服役环境下面临着严峻的热防护挑战,传统的被动热防护技术难以满足长时间、可重复使用的热管理需求。发汗冷却是一种高效的主动热防护技术,用于发汗冷却的多孔介质材料须具备耐高温、质量轻和高渗透性等特点。发汗冷却多孔陶瓷材料因低密度、高比表面积、优异的高温抗氧化性能和低热膨胀系数,成为理想的候选材料。本文系统梳理了发汗冷却技术的工作原理和优势,重点分析了多孔陶瓷的性能特点及主要制备方法(模板复制法、部分烧结法、添加造孔剂法、直接发泡法和增材制造),对比分析了不同方法的优缺点,指出当前在平衡高孔隙率和力学性能、实现复杂结构成型及精准调控梯度孔隙等方面仍存在挑战。最后,本文展望了未来的研究方向,例如精确调控孔隙结构、构建复相陶瓷体系等,以推动该材料在航空航天热防护领域的产业化应用。
中图分类号:
姜力, 王洪磊, 周新贵, 余金山. 用于发汗冷却的多孔陶瓷材料研究进展[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2026, 45(5): 1709-1726.
JIANG Li, WANG Honglei, ZHOU Xingui, YU Jinshan. Research Progress of Porous Ceramic Materials for Transpiration Cooling[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(5): 1709-1726.
| 技术类型 | 原理 | 特点 | 应用场景 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 气膜冷却 | 在受热表面设置离散的孔通道,冷却工质通过该通道输送到表面形成气膜起到隔热作用 | 冷却工质消耗量较大且利用率较低,热防护效果一般 | 制导导弹光学窗口利用气膜冷却隔离热流[ |
| 发汗冷却 | 冷却工质从多孔介质的冷端流动到热端,在结构内部进行充分换热及在表面形成气膜隔热 | 冷却工质利用率较高,热防护效果较好,可重复使用 | DLR火箭发动机燃烧室内衬,包括燃烧室喉部区域等关键位置[ |
| 对流冷却 | 在受热结构下面布置冷却通道,通过冷却工质流动带走表面热量 | 冷却通道位于结构内部,适用于低密度热流 | X-51A飞行器的超燃冲压发动机的燃烧室壁面[ |
| 冲击冷却 | 将液态冷却工质雾化后直接对受热表面进行冲击,以此来增加传热 | 局部快速冷却效果不错,热防护系统较复杂 | 燃气轮机涡轮叶片前缘[ |
表1 主动热防护技术原理、特点及应用
Table 1 Principles, characteristics, and applications of active thermal protection technique
| 技术类型 | 原理 | 特点 | 应用场景 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 气膜冷却 | 在受热表面设置离散的孔通道,冷却工质通过该通道输送到表面形成气膜起到隔热作用 | 冷却工质消耗量较大且利用率较低,热防护效果一般 | 制导导弹光学窗口利用气膜冷却隔离热流[ |
| 发汗冷却 | 冷却工质从多孔介质的冷端流动到热端,在结构内部进行充分换热及在表面形成气膜隔热 | 冷却工质利用率较高,热防护效果较好,可重复使用 | DLR火箭发动机燃烧室内衬,包括燃烧室喉部区域等关键位置[ |
| 对流冷却 | 在受热结构下面布置冷却通道,通过冷却工质流动带走表面热量 | 冷却通道位于结构内部,适用于低密度热流 | X-51A飞行器的超燃冲压发动机的燃烧室壁面[ |
| 冲击冷却 | 将液态冷却工质雾化后直接对受热表面进行冲击,以此来增加传热 | 局部快速冷却效果不错,热防护系统较复杂 | 燃气轮机涡轮叶片前缘[ |
| 发汗冷却多孔材料 | 密度/(g·cm-3) | 最高工作温度/℃ | 渗透率/m2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ti6Al4V[ | 2.70~3.83 | 300~350 | 2.74×10-15~6.14×10-14 |
| Bronze[ | 6.30 | 527 | 2.42×10-12~1.03×10-10 |
| C/C-SiC[ | 2.00 | 1 650 | 1.86×10-14~1.09×10-12 |
| Si3N4[ | 1.52 | 1 200~1 400 | 6.5×10-14 |
| C/C[ | 1.38 | 1 650 | 7.11×10-13~8.66×10-8 |
| 3DN C/SiC[ | 1.15 | 1 650 | 3.37×10-12 |
| SiC[ | 2.25 | 1 600 | 7.97×10-13 |
| Cf/SiC[ | 1.07~1.38 | 1 650 | 6.07×10-14~12.22×10-14 |
表2 常见发汗冷却多孔材料的性能对比
Table 2 Performance comparison of common transpiration cooling porous materials
| 发汗冷却多孔材料 | 密度/(g·cm-3) | 最高工作温度/℃ | 渗透率/m2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ti6Al4V[ | 2.70~3.83 | 300~350 | 2.74×10-15~6.14×10-14 |
| Bronze[ | 6.30 | 527 | 2.42×10-12~1.03×10-10 |
| C/C-SiC[ | 2.00 | 1 650 | 1.86×10-14~1.09×10-12 |
| Si3N4[ | 1.52 | 1 200~1 400 | 6.5×10-14 |
| C/C[ | 1.38 | 1 650 | 7.11×10-13~8.66×10-8 |
| 3DN C/SiC[ | 1.15 | 1 650 | 3.37×10-12 |
| SiC[ | 2.25 | 1 600 | 7.97×10-13 |
| Cf/SiC[ | 1.07~1.38 | 1 650 | 6.07×10-14~12.22×10-14 |
图4 Cr涂层锆合金在300 ppb(1 ppb=1 μg/L)溶解氧的水(360 ℃)中暴露300 d后的表面剥落形貌SEM照片[42]
Fig.4 SEM image of surface spallation morphology of Cr-coated Zr alloy after exposure to 300 ppb(1 ppb=1 μg/L) dissolved oxygen water at 360 ℃ for 300 d[42]
图7 不同孔径模板制备的多孔陶瓷烧结体的宏观光学照片及断面SEM照片[49]
Fig.7 Macroscopic optical photographs and cross-sectional SEM images of porous ceramic sintered bodies prepared by templates with different pore sizes[49]
图10 结合原位反应和部分烧结法制备多孔ZrC和HfC的方法示意图[59]
Fig.10 Schematic diagram of novel method combining in-situ reaction and partial sintering method for preparing porous ZrC and HfC[59]
图17 含5%(质量分数)玻璃熔块的打印坯体经不同温度烧结后的SEM照片[79]
Fig.17 SEM images of additively manufactured green bodies containing 5%(mass fraction) glass frit after sintering at different temperatures[79]
图18 孔隙率为67%(体积分数)的Diamond型TPMS的结构模型、应力分布及应变分布[83]
Fig.18 Structure model, stress distribution and strain distribution of Diamond-type TPMS with a porosity of 67% (volume fraction)[83]
| 制备方法 | 优点 | 缺点 |
|---|---|---|
| 模板复制法 | 制备成本低;制备工艺简单,制品孔隙率高;高孔隙连通性和定向 孔隙结构 | 杂质残留,孔隙可设计性低,材料力学性能受限 |
| 部分烧结法 | 方法简单,成本低,孔隙分布均匀,力学性能优异 | 孔径较小,孔隙率低,难以设计定向孔隙结构 |
| 添加造孔剂法 | 可精准调控孔隙结构与参数;力学性能好,成本低,应用广 | 有机造孔剂易产生有毒气体,孔隙均匀性和连通性较差 |
| 直接发泡法 | 孔隙率高,密度低;工艺简单,成本低 | 机械强度不高;孔隙结构调控难,连通性差 |
| 增材制造 | 材料利用率高,制备速度快;可制备复杂结构多孔陶瓷;精准调控 孔隙结构和孔径 | 制品表面粗糙度较高,结构精度控制需加强 |
表 3 不同方法制备多孔陶瓷的优缺点
Table 3 Advantages and disadvantages of different fabrication methods for porous ceramics
| 制备方法 | 优点 | 缺点 |
|---|---|---|
| 模板复制法 | 制备成本低;制备工艺简单,制品孔隙率高;高孔隙连通性和定向 孔隙结构 | 杂质残留,孔隙可设计性低,材料力学性能受限 |
| 部分烧结法 | 方法简单,成本低,孔隙分布均匀,力学性能优异 | 孔径较小,孔隙率低,难以设计定向孔隙结构 |
| 添加造孔剂法 | 可精准调控孔隙结构与参数;力学性能好,成本低,应用广 | 有机造孔剂易产生有毒气体,孔隙均匀性和连通性较差 |
| 直接发泡法 | 孔隙率高,密度低;工艺简单,成本低 | 机械强度不高;孔隙结构调控难,连通性差 |
| 增材制造 | 材料利用率高,制备速度快;可制备复杂结构多孔陶瓷;精准调控 孔隙结构和孔径 | 制品表面粗糙度较高,结构精度控制需加强 |
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