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硅酸盐通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (5): 1709-1726.DOI: 10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1036

• 陶瓷 • 上一篇    下一篇

用于发汗冷却的多孔陶瓷材料研究进展

姜力(), 王洪磊(), 周新贵, 余金山   

  1. 国防科技大学空天科学学院,新型陶瓷纤维及其复合材料重点实验室,长沙 410073
  • 收稿日期:2025-10-27 修订日期:2025-12-06 出版日期:2026-05-15 发布日期:2026-06-10
  • 通信作者: 王洪磊,博士,副教授。 E-mail:honglei.wang@163.com
  • 作者简介:姜力(2002—),男,硕士研究生。主要从事陶瓷基复合材料方面的研究。E-mail:plakj2021@163.com

Research Progress of Porous Ceramic Materials for Transpiration Cooling

JIANG Li(), WANG Honglei(), ZHOU Xingui, YU Jinshan   

  1. Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory,College of Aerospace Science and Engineering,National University of Defense Technology,Changsha 410073,China
  • Received:2025-10-27 Revised:2025-12-06 Published:2026-05-15 Online:2026-06-10

摘要:

高超声速飞行器在极端服役环境下面临着严峻的热防护挑战,传统的被动热防护技术难以满足长时间、可重复使用的热管理需求。发汗冷却是一种高效的主动热防护技术,用于发汗冷却的多孔介质材料须具备耐高温、质量轻和高渗透性等特点。发汗冷却多孔陶瓷材料因低密度、高比表面积、优异的高温抗氧化性能和低热膨胀系数,成为理想的候选材料。本文系统梳理了发汗冷却技术的工作原理和优势,重点分析了多孔陶瓷的性能特点及主要制备方法(模板复制法、部分烧结法、添加造孔剂法、直接发泡法和增材制造),对比分析了不同方法的优缺点,指出当前在平衡高孔隙率和力学性能、实现复杂结构成型及精准调控梯度孔隙等方面仍存在挑战。最后,本文展望了未来的研究方向,例如精确调控孔隙结构、构建复相陶瓷体系等,以推动该材料在航空航天热防护领域的产业化应用。

关键词: 多孔陶瓷, 高超声速飞行器, 发汗冷却, 孔隙结构, 热防护系统

Abstract:

Hypersonic vehicles face severe thermal protection challenges under extreme service conditions, where traditional passive thermal protection technologies struggle to meet the demands for long-term, reusable thermal management requirements. Transpiration cooling is an efficient active thermal protection technology. Porous media materials used for transpiration cooling need to possess characteristics such as high-temperature resistance, lightweight, and high permeability. Porous ceramic materials for transpiration cooling, with their low density, high specific surface area, excellent high-temperature oxidation resistance, and low thermal expansion coefficient, have emerged as ideal candidate materials. This article systematically reviews the working principles and advantages of transpiration cooling technology, focusing on the performance characteristics and main preparation methods(including template replication method, partial sintering method, pore-forming agent addition method, direct foaming method, and additive manufacturing) of porous ceramics. It compares the advantages and disadvantages of different methods and highlights the current challenges in balancing high porosity with mechanical properties, achieving complex structural shaping, and precisely controlling gradient porosity. Finally, this article outlines future research directions, such as precise pore structure regulation and the construction of multiphase ceramic systems, to promote the industrial application of these materials in aerospace thermal protection.

Key words: porous ceramics, hypersonic vehicle, transpiration cooling, pore structure, thermal protection system

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