BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (8): 2724-2736.DOI: 10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2026.0046
• Solid Waste and Eco-Materials • Previous Articles Next Articles
LEI Zhenghui1(
), ZHAO Chengjun1, LI Yongliu1, YAN Hongfu2, FENG Tianyou2, TAO Rencheng2, JI Qiuling3, GAO Zicong3, MA Yuwei3(
)
Received:2026-01-13
Revised:2026-03-30
Online:2026-08-15
Published:2026-09-01
Contact:
MA Yuwei
CLC Number:
LEI Zhenghui, ZHAO Chengjun, LI Yongliu, YAN Hongfu, FENG Tianyou, TAO Rencheng, JI Qiuling, GAO Zicong, MA Yuwei. Research Progress on On-Site Disposal Technology of Shield Muck and Preparation of Backfill Grouting Material[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(8): 2724-2736.
| Muck type | Classification standard (by penetration index) | Characteristics description |
|---|---|---|
| Gravel and sand | Composed of coarse particles: cobbles, gravel, sand | Large particle size, low water content, poor fluidity |
| Sandy gravel soil | qc>800 kPa | Primarily composed of sand and sandy soil, high strength |
| Hard clay | 400 kPa<qc<800 kPa | Mainly consists of sandy soil, silt, and partial clay |
| Clay | 200 kPa<qc<400 kPa | Water content 40%~80%, relatively high viscosity |
| Sludge | qc<200 kPa | Mud-like soil, predominantly composed of clay and silt particles |
| Slurry | Fluid state, flowability>300 mm, water content>3 times liquid limit | Liquid flow state, difficult to settle and separate |
Table 1 Classification standard I for shield muck (with reference to the Japanese “Construction generated soil utilization technology manual”[17])
| Muck type | Classification standard (by penetration index) | Characteristics description |
|---|---|---|
| Gravel and sand | Composed of coarse particles: cobbles, gravel, sand | Large particle size, low water content, poor fluidity |
| Sandy gravel soil | qc>800 kPa | Primarily composed of sand and sandy soil, high strength |
| Hard clay | 400 kPa<qc<800 kPa | Mainly consists of sandy soil, silt, and partial clay |
| Clay | 200 kPa<qc<400 kPa | Water content 40%~80%, relatively high viscosity |
| Sludge | qc<200 kPa | Mud-like soil, predominantly composed of clay and silt particles |
| Slurry | Fluid state, flowability>300 mm, water content>3 times liquid limit | Liquid flow state, difficult to settle and separate |
| Muck type | Classification standard (by particle size and liquid-plastic limit indices) |
|---|---|
| Boulder soil | Boulder mass>75% of total mass |
| Mixed boulder soil | 50% of total mass<boulder mass≤75% of total mass |
| Boulder-mixed soil | 15% of total mass<boulder mass≤50% of total mass |
| Gravel and sand | Boulder mass≤15% of total mass, coarse-grained mass≥50% of total mass, fine-grained mass<5% of total mass |
| Gravel/sand with fines | Boulder mass≤15% of total mass, coarse-grained mass≥50% of total mass, 5% of total mass≤fine-grained content<15% of total mass |
| Fine-grained gravel/sand | Boulder mass≤15% of total mass, coarse-grained mass≥50% of total mass, 15% of total mass≤fine-grained content<50% of total mass |
| High liquid limit clay (CH) | Fine-grained mass≥50% of total mass, IP≥0.73 (WL-20), IP≥7, WL≥50% |
| Low liquid limit clay (CL) | Fine-grained mass≥50% of total mass, IP≥0.73 (WL-20), IP≥7, WL<50% |
| High liquid limit silt (MH) | Fine-grained mass≥50% of total mass, IP<0.73 (WL-20), IP<7, WL≥50% |
| Low liquid limit silt (ML) | Fine-grained mass≥50% of total mass, IP<0.73 (WL-20), IP<7, WL<50% |
Table 2 Classification standard II for shield muck (with reference to “Standard for engineering classification of soil” GB/T 50145—2007E[18])
| Muck type | Classification standard (by particle size and liquid-plastic limit indices) |
|---|---|
| Boulder soil | Boulder mass>75% of total mass |
| Mixed boulder soil | 50% of total mass<boulder mass≤75% of total mass |
| Boulder-mixed soil | 15% of total mass<boulder mass≤50% of total mass |
| Gravel and sand | Boulder mass≤15% of total mass, coarse-grained mass≥50% of total mass, fine-grained mass<5% of total mass |
| Gravel/sand with fines | Boulder mass≤15% of total mass, coarse-grained mass≥50% of total mass, 5% of total mass≤fine-grained content<15% of total mass |
| Fine-grained gravel/sand | Boulder mass≤15% of total mass, coarse-grained mass≥50% of total mass, 15% of total mass≤fine-grained content<50% of total mass |
| High liquid limit clay (CH) | Fine-grained mass≥50% of total mass, IP≥0.73 (WL-20), IP≥7, WL≥50% |
| Low liquid limit clay (CL) | Fine-grained mass≥50% of total mass, IP≥0.73 (WL-20), IP≥7, WL<50% |
| High liquid limit silt (MH) | Fine-grained mass≥50% of total mass, IP<0.73 (WL-20), IP<7, WL≥50% |
| Low liquid limit silt (ML) | Fine-grained mass≥50% of total mass, IP<0.73 (WL-20), IP<7, WL<50% |
| Type | Consistency/ mm[ | Consistency loss over time/ (mm·h-1)[ | Flowability/ mm[ | Flowability loss over time/(mm·h-1)[ | Bleedingrate/ %[ | Stratification/ mm[ | Setting time/ h[ | Apparentdensity/ (kg·m-3)[ | Compressivestrength/ MPa[ | 28 d land‑waterstrengthratio/%[ | Stone rate/%[ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 d | 28 d | |||||||||||
| Cement-based | 100~130 | ≤10 | ≥160 | ≤20 | ≤3.5 | ≤6 | 10~24 | ≥1 800 | ≥0.5 | ≥2.5 | ≥65 | ≥95 |
| Slaked lime-based | 90~130 | ≤10 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
Table 3 Typical performance indicators of synchronous grouting materials
| Type | Consistency/ mm[ | Consistency loss over time/ (mm·h-1)[ | Flowability/ mm[ | Flowability loss over time/(mm·h-1)[ | Bleedingrate/ %[ | Stratification/ mm[ | Setting time/ h[ | Apparentdensity/ (kg·m-3)[ | Compressivestrength/ MPa[ | 28 d land‑waterstrengthratio/%[ | Stone rate/%[ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 d | 28 d | |||||||||||
| Cement-based | 100~130 | ≤10 | ≥160 | ≤20 | ≤3.5 | ≤6 | 10~24 | ≥1 800 | ≥0.5 | ≥2.5 | ≥65 | ≥95 |
| Slaked lime-based | 90~130 | ≤10 | — | — | — | — | ||||||
Fig.5 SEM images of sample with sand aggregate at 28 d: (a1) 500 μm, (a2) 10 μm, (a3) 5 μm, (a4) 1 μm; SEM images of sample with cohesive silty sand aggregate at 28 d: (b1) 500 μm, (b2) 10 μm, (b3) 5 μm, (b4) 1 μm[47]
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