煤矸石粉活性提升方式优选与活化机理研究

doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0851

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

煤矸石的活性决定了其在建材领域资源化利用的潜能和场景。为探究煤矸石活性提升方式，以石家庄市域煤矸石粉为对象，取抗压强度、抗折强度和活性指数为评价指标，对比分析机械活化、热活化、化学活化单一和复合处置后煤矸石粉活性与其胶砂力学性能的变化规律，并结合激光粒度测试、XRD和SEM从微观角度解析煤矸石粉活性提升机理。结果表明，机械活化-热活化-化学活化协同处置对煤矸石粉活性及其胶砂力学性能的提升效果最显著，热活化次之，化学活化提升效果与激发剂种类有关，CaO对煤矸石粉活化效果最好。复合活化推荐参数为机械研磨60 min、650 ℃煅烧和4%（质量分数）CaO，对应的煤矸石粉活性指数、胶砂28 d抗压强度和28 d抗折强度分别为108.20%、46.2 MPa和8.1 MPa。机械研磨和高温煅烧通过调控煤矸石粉的粒度分布和物相组成比例，提升煤矸石粉水化反应活性，而化学活化主要基于碱性环境调节促进水化硅酸钙（C-S-H）凝胶等水化产物生成，实现煤矸石粉活性与胶砂力学性能的同步改善。

关键词: 煤矸石粉, 活化方式, 活性指数, 力学强度, 微观测试, 活化机理

Abstract:

The activity of coal gangue determines its potential and application scenarios for resource utilization in the building materials sector. To investigate methods for enhancing coal gangue activity， coal gangue powder from the Shijiazhuang metropolitan area was selected as the subject. Compressive strength， flexural strength， and reactivity index were adopted as evaluation metrics. The study compared the activity of coal gangue powder after single and combined treatments of mechanical activation， thermal activation， and chemical activation， along with the corresponding changes in the mechanical properties of mortar. Additionally， laser particle size analysis， XRD， and SEM were employed to analyze the mechanism of enhancing gangue powder activity at the microscopic level. Results indicate that mechanical activation-thermal activation-chemical activation synergistic treatment yields the most significant enhancement in both reactivity of coal gangue powder and mechanical properties of mortar， followed by thermal activation. The effectiveness of chemical activation depends on the type of activator， with CaO demonstrating the best activation effect. The recommended composite activation parameters are 60 min mechanical grinding， calcination at 650 ℃， and 4% （mass fraction） CaO. The corresponding coal gangue powder reactivity index， 28 d mortar compressive strength， and 28 d flexural strength are 108.20%， 46.2 MPa， and 8.1 MPa， respectively. Mechanical grinding and high-temperature calcination enhance the hydration reactivity of coal gangue powder by regulating its particle size distribution and phase composition ratio. Chemical activation primarily promotes the formation of hydration products like calcium silicate hydrate （C-S-H） gel through alkaline environment adjustment， achieving simultaneous improvement in both the reactivity of coal gangue powder and the mechanical properties of mortar.

Key words: coal gangue powder, activation method, activity index, mechanical strength, microscopic testing, activation mechanism

中图分类号:

TD849.5

崔英彬, 连海坤, 刘芳芳, 王珍, 凡涛涛, 司春棣, 李子轩. 煤矸石粉活性提升方式优选与活化机理研究[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2026, 45(2): 528-539.

CUI Yingbin, LIAN Haikun, LIU Fangfang, WANG Zhen, FAN Taotao, SI Chundi, LI Zixuan. Optimization Methods and Activation Mechanisms for Enhancing Activity of Coal Gangue Powder[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(2): 528-539.

图/表 14

图1 煤矸石粉的微观形貌、粒径分布和物相组成

Fig.1 Microstructure， particle size distribution， and phase composition of coal gangue powder

表1 煤矸石粉的化学成分

Table 1 Chemical composition of coal gangue powder

Composition	Al₂O₃	SiO₂	CaO	Fe₂O₃	SO₃	MgO	Na₂O	P₂O₅	K₂O	TiO₂
Mass fraction/%	21.00	61.50	1.55	5.55	0.22	2.55	1.52	0.12	4.40	1.25

图2 单一活化下煤矸石粉基胶砂强度和煤矸石粉活性指数对比结果

Fig.2 Comparison results of coal gangue powder-based mortar strength and coal gangue powder activity index under single activation

表2 正交试验设计因素水平

Table 2 Orthogonal test design factor levels

Factor level	A： Grinding time/min	B： Calcination temperature/℃	C： CaO content/%
1	40	650	2
2	60	750	4
3	80	850	6

表3 煤矸石粉基胶砂力学性能与煤矸石粉活性指数

Table 3 Mechanical properties of coal gangue powder-based mortar and activity index of coal gangue powder

Number	Horizontal Combination	Influencing factor			Compressive strength/MPa			Flexural strength/MPa			Activity index/%
Number	Horizontal Combination	A	B	C	3 d	7 d	28 d	3 d	7 d	28 d	Activity index/%
1	A1B1C1	40	650	2	19.2	29.1	41.8	3.8	5.8	7.5	97.89
2	A1B2C2	40	750	4	18.4	28.3	45.6	3.5	4.8	8.0	106.79
3	A1B3C3	40	850	6	19.2	27.1	45.4	3.6	4.8	8.0	106.32
4	A2B1C2	60	650	4	21.6	33.6	46.2	3.9	6.1	8.1	108.20
5	A2B2C3	60	750	6	20.8	32.2	45.2	3.6	5.9	8.0	105.85
6	A2B3C1	60	850	2	18.2	25.3	42.5	3.5	4.6	7.6	99.53
7	A3B1C3	80	650	6	20.4	28.7	44.7	3.8	5.2	7.9	104.68
8	A3B2C1	80	750	2	19.1	29.0	43.8	4.0	4.7	7.8	102.58
9	A3B3C2	80	850	4	17.8	24.9	43.6	3.2	4.4	7.8	102.11

表4 极差分析结果

Table 4 Results of extreme difference analysis

Indicator	3 d compressive strength			7 d compressive strength			28 d compressive strength			Activity index
Indicator	A	B	C	A	B	C	A	B	C	A	B	C
Extreme difference	1.27	2.00	1.30	3.30	5.17	1.60	0.60	1.03	2.43	1.40	2.42	5.70
Primary and secondary factor	B>C>A			B>A>C			C>B>A			C>B>A
Indicator	3 d flexural strength			7 d flexural strength			28 d flexural strength			—
Indicator	A	B	C	A	B	C	A	B	C	—
Extreme difference	1.27	2.00	1.30	0.77	1.10	0.27	0.07	0.13	0.33	—
Primary and secondary factor	B>C>A			B>A>C			C>B>A			—

图3 复合活化下煤矸石粉基胶砂抗压强度的变化

Fig.3 Changes in compressive strength of coal gangue powder-based mortar under composite activation

图4 复合活化下煤矸石粉基胶砂抗折强度的变化

Fig.4 Changes in flexural strength of coal gangue powder-based mortar under composite activation

图5 复合活化下煤矸石粉活性指数的变化

Fig.5 Changes in activity index of coal gangue powder under composite activation

图6 研磨时间对煤矸石粉粒径分布、密度和比表面积的影响

Fig.6 Effect of grinding time on particle size distribution， density and specific surface area of coal gangue powder

表5 不同研磨时间下煤矸石粉粒径分布

Table 5 Particle size distribution of coal gangue powder at different grinding time

Grinding time/min	0	20	40	60	80
d₁₀/μm	1.39	1.43	1.28	0.83	1.00
d₅₀/μm	10.74	9.46	7.95	3.21	5.64
d₉₀/μm	77.50	56.57	46.82	13.65	29.86

图7 煅烧前后煤矸石粉的XRD谱

Fig.7 XRD patterns of coal gangue powder before and after calcination

图8 化学活化前后煤矸石粉基胶砂的XRD谱

Fig.8 XRD patterns of coal gangue powder-based mortar before and after chemical activation

图9 不同活化方式下煤矸石粉基胶砂的SEM照片

Fig.9 SEM images of coal gangue powder-based mortar under different activation methods

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