Research Progress on Biomass-Based High-Performance Structural Carbon Materials: Carbon Fibers, Carbon (Carbide) Matrices, and Carbon Coatings

doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1088

Abstract

Abstract:

Carbon materials play a key role in promoting the development of human civilization， but their preparation depends on fossil raw materials and faces severe challenges such as resource shortage and environmental pollution. Biomass has become an ideal carbon source to replace fossil raw materials due to its wide range of sources， renewable and carbon neutrality. The existing reviews in the field of biomass carbon pay more attention to functional carbon materials with high specific surface area. This paper focuses on high-performance structural carbon materials and systematically reviews its latest research progress， including the following three directions. Aiming at the problem of insufficient mechanical properties of biomass carbon fibers， optimization strategies are proposed from two aspects： raw material screening and precursor modification. The preparation and properties studies of carbon matrix and carbide ultra-high temperature ceramic matrix based on sugar sol-gel process are reviewed， and the advantages and existing challenges of sugar sol-gel process are discussed. The formation mechanism， quality control strategy of carbon coating prepared by carbohydrate hydrothermal carbonization technology and its influence on the mechanical properties of composites as interface phase are described.

Key words: biomass carbon, carbon fiber, carbon matrix, carbide, ultra-high temperature ceramics, carbon coating

CLC Number:

TB332

LI Chuxing, WANG Honglei, ZHOU Xingui, YU Jinshan. Research Progress on Biomass-Based High-Performance Structural Carbon Materials: Carbon Fibers, Carbon (Carbide) Matrices, and Carbon Coatings[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(6): 2075-2091.

Figures/Tables 13

References 97

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Source	Structure	Application field	Performance
Glucose and glucosamine	Carbon nanospheres	Supercapacitors	Specific capacitance of 266 F/g at a current density of 0.2 A/g， with 96.8% capacitance retention after 3 000 cycles^［29］
Cotton	Carbon nanotubes	Adsorbents	Adsorption capacities for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ are approximately 5.8 and 6.4 times those of activated carbon^［30］
Spruce bark	Graphene nanosheets	Supercapacitors	Specific surface area up to 2 385 m²/g， specific capacitance of 398 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g^［31］
Pomelo peel	Hierarchical porous carbon	Microwave absorption/CO₂ capture	Maximum reflection loss of -60.72 dB at a thickness of 1.74 mm^［32］， CO₂ adsorption capacity of 3.31 mmol/g at 45 ℃^［33］
Glucose	Graphite film	Precision rlectronic devices	In-plane thermal conductivity of 439.9 W/（m·K）， electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness （SE） of 21.72 dB in X-band （8.2~12.4 GHz） at a thickness of 480 nm^［34］
Oak leaves	Hierarchical porous carbon	Battery anodes	Reversible capacity of 378 mAh/g at a current density of 0.1 C， with 97% capacity retention after 100 cycles^［35］
Cellulose	Carbon nanofiber-carbon nanotube	Oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts	Tafel slope of 65.0 mV/dec^［36］

Source	Structure	Application field	Performance
Glucose and glucosamine	Carbon nanospheres	Supercapacitors	Specific capacitance of 266 F/g at a current density of 0.2 A/g， with 96.8% capacitance retention after 3 000 cycles^［29］
Cotton	Carbon nanotubes	Adsorbents	Adsorption capacities for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ are approximately 5.8 and 6.4 times those of activated carbon^［30］
Spruce bark	Graphene nanosheets	Supercapacitors	Specific surface area up to 2 385 m²/g， specific capacitance of 398 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g^［31］
Pomelo peel	Hierarchical porous carbon	Microwave absorption/CO₂ capture	Maximum reflection loss of -60.72 dB at a thickness of 1.74 mm^［32］， CO₂ adsorption capacity of 3.31 mmol/g at 45 ℃^［33］
Glucose	Graphite film	Precision rlectronic devices	In-plane thermal conductivity of 439.9 W/（m·K）， electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness （SE） of 21.72 dB in X-band （8.2~12.4 GHz） at a thickness of 480 nm^［34］
Oak leaves	Hierarchical porous carbon	Battery anodes	Reversible capacity of 378 mAh/g at a current density of 0.1 C， with 97% capacity retention after 100 cycles^［35］
Cellulose	Carbon nanofiber-carbon nanotube	Oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts	Tafel slope of 65.0 mV/dec^［36］

Lignin type	Spinning method	Fiberdiameter/μm	Molecular weight/（g·mol^-1）	Tensile strength/GPa	Tensile modulus/GPa
Softwood kraft lignin	Cinnamoylation melt spinning	11.7	M_n： 3 000 M_w： 21 000	0.95^［59］	66.5^［59］
Softwood kraft lignin	Solution spinning	5.6	M_n： 5 553 M_w： 28 600	1.39^［54］	98^［54］
Hardwood organosolv lignin	Hydroxypropyl modification， blending （TPU） melt spinning	25	M_n： 4 000	1.1^［66］	80^［66］
Softwood kraft lignin	Blending （PAN） solution spinning	7.0	M_n： 6 500	1.20^［62］	130^［62］
Lignosulfonate	Copolymerization （AN， IA） solution spinning	11.2	M_n： 43 000M_w： 214 000	1.74^［43］	211^［43］
Hardwood pyrolysis lignin	Blending （PET） melt spinning	12.6	M_n： 566	1.22^［66］	98^［66］
Hardwood pyrolysis lignin bio-oil	Depolymerization-rearrangement melt spinning	5.1	M_n： 3 266M_w： 11 710	2.21^［44］	301^［44］

Lignin type	Spinning method	Fiberdiameter/μm	Molecular weight/（g·mol^-1）	Tensile strength/GPa	Tensile modulus/GPa
Softwood kraft lignin	Cinnamoylation melt spinning	11.7	M_n： 3 000 M_w： 21 000	0.95^［59］	66.5^［59］
Softwood kraft lignin	Solution spinning	5.6	M_n： 5 553 M_w： 28 600	1.39^［54］	98^［54］
Hardwood organosolv lignin	Hydroxypropyl modification， blending （TPU） melt spinning	25	M_n： 4 000	1.1^［66］	80^［66］
Softwood kraft lignin	Blending （PAN） solution spinning	7.0	M_n： 6 500	1.20^［62］	130^［62］
Lignosulfonate	Copolymerization （AN， IA） solution spinning	11.2	M_n： 43 000M_w： 214 000	1.74^［43］	211^［43］
Hardwood pyrolysis lignin	Blending （PET） melt spinning	12.6	M_n： 566	1.22^［66］	98^［66］
Hardwood pyrolysis lignin bio-oil	Depolymerization-rearrangement melt spinning	5.1	M_n： 3 266M_w： 11 710	2.21^［44］	301^［44］