BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (1): 202-211.DOI: 10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0738
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CAI Yin1,2(
), LI Rui1(), BAO Tianpeng1,2
Received:2025-07-25
Revised:2025-09-09
Online:2026-01-20
Published:2026-02-10
CLC Number:
CAI Yin, LI Rui, BAO Tianpeng. Application of Fine-Grained Phosphorus Slag in Highway Base[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(1): 202-211.
Fig.1 XRD pattern of phosphorus slag
| Composition | MgO | P2O5 | SO3 | F- | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mass fraction/% | 45.14 | 42.38 | 3.75 | 1.73 | 2.54 | 1.78 | 1.52 | 0.94 |
Table 1 Main chemical composition of phosphorus slag
| Composition | MgO | P2O5 | SO3 | F- | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mass fraction/% | 45.14 | 42.38 | 3.75 | 1.73 | 2.54 | 1.78 | 1.52 | 0.94 |
| Inspection item | Grain size/mm | Apparent density/（g·cm-3） | Water content/% | Crushing value/% | Needle leaf content/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test results | 4.75~<9.50 | 2.76 | 0.8 | — | 8.9 |
| 9.50~26.50 | 2.68 | 0.7 | 17 | 8.9 |
Table 2 Property test results of coarse aggregate
| Inspection item | Grain size/mm | Apparent density/（g·cm-3） | Water content/% | Crushing value/% | Needle leaf content/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test results | 4.75~<9.50 | 2.76 | 0.8 | — | 8.9 |
| 9.50~26.50 | 2.68 | 0.7 | 17 | 8.9 |
| Inspection item | Grain size/mm | Plasticity index/% | Apparent density/（g·cm-3） | Water content/% | Sand equivalent/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test results | 0~2.36 | 13 | 2.83 | 1.0 | 73 |
Table 3 Property test results of fine aggregate
| Inspection item | Grain size/mm | Plasticity index/% | Apparent density/（g·cm-3） | Water content/% | Sand equivalent/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test results | 0~2.36 | 13 | 2.83 | 1.0 | 73 |
| Inspection item | Setting time | Compressive strength/MPa | Flexural strength/MPa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial setting/min | Final setting/min | 3 d | 28 d | 3 d | 28 d | |
| Test results | 236 | 359 | 19.2 | 48.1 | 4.9 | 8.2 |
Table 4 Property test results of cement
| Inspection item | Setting time | Compressive strength/MPa | Flexural strength/MPa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial setting/min | Final setting/min | 3 d | 28 d | 3 d | 28 d | |
| Test results | 236 | 359 | 19.2 | 48.1 | 4.9 | 8.2 |
Proportion of phosphorus slag replace gravel （mass fraction）/% | Cumulative passing rate of different standard sieves（mass fraction）/% | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 31.5 mm | 19.0 mm | 9.50 mm | 4.75 mm | 2.36 mm | 0.60 mm | 0.075 mm | |
| 0 | 100.0 | 83.3 | 50.1 | 29.4 | 25.9 | 12.3 | 3.5 |
| 25 | 100.0 | 80.4 | 50.6 | 40.8 | 30.8 | 11.4 | 2.7 |
| 50 | 100.0 | 82.0 | 56.7 | 49.8 | 32.1 | 8.6 | 2.0 |
| 75 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 97.1 | 88.8 | 62.1 | 20.0 | 4.2 |
| 100 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 96.1 | 85.1 | 49.7 | 10.3 | 0.9 |
Table 5 Composite gradation of mixture （dense gradation）
Proportion of phosphorus slag replace gravel （mass fraction）/% | Cumulative passing rate of different standard sieves（mass fraction）/% | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 31.5 mm | 19.0 mm | 9.50 mm | 4.75 mm | 2.36 mm | 0.60 mm | 0.075 mm | |
| 0 | 100.0 | 83.3 | 50.1 | 29.4 | 25.9 | 12.3 | 3.5 |
| 25 | 100.0 | 80.4 | 50.6 | 40.8 | 30.8 | 11.4 | 2.7 |
| 50 | 100.0 | 82.0 | 56.7 | 49.8 | 32.1 | 8.6 | 2.0 |
| 75 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 97.1 | 88.8 | 62.1 | 20.0 | 4.2 |
| 100 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 96.1 | 85.1 | 49.7 | 10.3 | 0.9 |
| Sample No. | Mass fraction/% | Rd/MPa | CV/% | R/MPa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cement | Phosphorus slag | 2# | 3# | 4# | ||||
| A1 | 3.5 | 0 | 40 | 35 | 25 | 5.25 | 6.3 | 5.71 |
| A2 | 3.5 | 25 | 47 | 10 | 18 | 4.08 | 7.6 | 4.52 |
| A3 | 3.5 | 50 | 43 | 0 | 7 | 3.75 | 7.5 | 4.15 |
| A4 | 3.5 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 2.03 | 4.8 | 2.16 |
| A5 | 3.5 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.52 | 5.2 | 1.63 |
| B1 | 4.5 | 0 | 40 | 35 | 25 | 6.35 | 3.5 | 6.65 |
| B2 | 4.5 | 25 | 47 | 10 | 18 | 4.99 | 4.8 | 5.32 |
| B3 | 4.5 | 50 | 43 | 0 | 7 | 4.82 | 2.4 | 4.97 |
| B4 | 4.5 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 2.57 | 3.1 | 2.68 |
| B5 | 4.5 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.64 | 5.5 | 1.76 |
| C1 | 5.5 | 0 | 40 | 35 | 25 | 6.81 | 5.6 | 7.34 |
| C2 | 5.5 | 25 | 47 | 10 | 18 | 5.90 | 6.9 | 6.47 |
| C3 | 5.5 | 50 | 43 | 0 | 7 | 4.76 | 8.5 | 5.34 |
| C4 | 5.5 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 2.92 | 4.3 | 3.09 |
| C5 | 5.5 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.90 | 6.7 | 2.08 |
Table 6 Mix proportion and test results of 7 d unconfined compressive strength
| Sample No. | Mass fraction/% | Rd/MPa | CV/% | R/MPa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cement | Phosphorus slag | 2# | 3# | 4# | ||||
| A1 | 3.5 | 0 | 40 | 35 | 25 | 5.25 | 6.3 | 5.71 |
| A2 | 3.5 | 25 | 47 | 10 | 18 | 4.08 | 7.6 | 4.52 |
| A3 | 3.5 | 50 | 43 | 0 | 7 | 3.75 | 7.5 | 4.15 |
| A4 | 3.5 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 2.03 | 4.8 | 2.16 |
| A5 | 3.5 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.52 | 5.2 | 1.63 |
| B1 | 4.5 | 0 | 40 | 35 | 25 | 6.35 | 3.5 | 6.65 |
| B2 | 4.5 | 25 | 47 | 10 | 18 | 4.99 | 4.8 | 5.32 |
| B3 | 4.5 | 50 | 43 | 0 | 7 | 4.82 | 2.4 | 4.97 |
| B4 | 4.5 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 2.57 | 3.1 | 2.68 |
| B5 | 4.5 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.64 | 5.5 | 1.76 |
| C1 | 5.5 | 0 | 40 | 35 | 25 | 6.81 | 5.6 | 7.34 |
| C2 | 5.5 | 25 | 47 | 10 | 18 | 5.90 | 6.9 | 6.47 |
| C3 | 5.5 | 50 | 43 | 0 | 7 | 4.76 | 8.5 | 5.34 |
| C4 | 5.5 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 2.92 | 4.3 | 3.09 |
| C5 | 5.5 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.90 | 6.7 | 2.08 |
Fig.2 Effect of different phosphorus slag dosage on moisture content and dry density of mixture
Fig.3 Relationship between optimum moisture content
Fig.4 Unconfined compressive strength of specimens with
Fig.5 Unconfined compressive strength of specimens with 5.5% cement dosage and different phosphorus slag dosages 4.5% cement dosage and different phosphorus slag dosages
Fig.6 Compressive resilient modulus of specimens with different phosphorus slag dosages
Fig. 7 Compressive resilient modulus of specimens at different curing ages
Fig.8 Relationship between drying shrinkage strain and curing age
Fig.9 Relationship between drying shrinkage coefficient and curing age
Fig.10 Water stability of specimens under different cement dosages and phosphorus slag dosages
Fig.11 SEM images of phosphorus slag raw materials
Fig.12 SEM images of phosphorus slag reacting with water for 7 d
Fig. 13 SEM images of phosphorus slag reacting with water for 28 d
Fig.14 Construction process of mixture
| Rd/MPa | CV/% | R/MPa | Compactness/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4.93 | 4.8 | 5.24 | 98 |
Table 7 Mechanical properties test results of retained specimens
| Rd/MPa | CV/% | R/MPa | Compactness/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4.93 | 4.8 | 5.24 | 98 |
| Inspection item | Check point | Qualified point | Passing rate/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| Compactness | 12 | 12 | 100 |
| Thickness | 10 | 10 | 100 |
| Planeness | 8 | 8 | 100 |
| Profile elevation | 13 | 13 | 100 |
Table 8 Acceptance test results of mixture
| Inspection item | Check point | Qualified point | Passing rate/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| Compactness | 12 | 12 | 100 |
| Thickness | 10 | 10 | 100 |
| Planeness | 8 | 8 | 100 |
| Profile elevation | 13 | 13 | 100 |
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