Optimizing Mineral Composition of High Strength Portland Cement Clinker Based on Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

Abstract: The properties of hydrated Portland cement clinker mostly depend on mineral compositions. The traditional method optimizes the mineral composition of cement clinker by orthogonal test method. The test quantity is large and it is difficult to obtain the optimal point of cement clinker mineral composition. In this paper, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the mineral composition of Portland cement clinker. Based on the Box-Behnken test design method, the relationship between lime saturation factor (KH), alumina modulus (IM), silica modulus (SM) and 28 d compressive strength was revealed and established quadratic model to obtain the best values of KH, IM and SM. The results show that the best values of KH, IM, SM are 0.94, 1.7 and 2.2 respectively, and it is found that the cement clinker designed with this modulus value has the lowest porosity of the hardened cement paste. Therefore, RSM is an effective method for optimizing the mineral composition of Portland cement clinker, which improves the mechanical properties of cement, and it is expected to improve the durability of cement.

Key words: response surface methodology, Portland cement clinker, mineral composition, microstructure, compressive strength, optimization

CLC Number:

TQ172

LIU Yongyi, REN Zunchao, YUAN Lianwang, LUAN Congqi, WANG Jinbang, ZHOU Zonghui. Optimizing Mineral Composition of High Strength Portland Cement Clinker Based on Response Surface Methodology[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2021, 40(4): 1088-1096.

References

[1] YANG X J, LIU J S, LI H X, et al. Effect of triethanolamine hydrochloride on the performance of cement paste[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 200: 218-225.
[2] BENHELAL E, ZAHEDI G, SHAMSAEI E, et al. Global strategies and potentials to curb CO₂ emissions in cement industry[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2013, 51: 142-161.
[3] KANG S H, KWON Y H, HONG S G, et al. Hydrated lime activation on byproducts for eco-friendly production of structural mortars[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019, 231: 1389-1398.
[4] YANG K H, JUNG Y B, CHO M S, et al. Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on reduction of CO₂ emissions from concrete[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015, 103: 774-783.
[5] DE LA VARGA I, CASTRO J, BENTZ D P, et al. Evaluating the hydration of high volume fly ash mixtures using chemically inert fillers[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2018, 161: 221-228.
[6] DARMANTO P S, AMALIA A. Analysis of high clinker ratio of Portland composite cement (PCC)[J]. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2020, 34: 116-126.
[7] CELIK I B. The effects of particle size distribution and surface area upon cement strength development[J]. Powder Technology, 2009, 188(3): 272-276.
[8] MORI K, FUKUNAGA T, SUGIYAMA M, et al. Hydration properties and compressive strength development of low heat cement[J]. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 2012, 73(11): 1274-1277.
[9] BURROWS R W, KEPLER W F, HURCOMB D, et al. Three simple tests for selecting low-crack cement[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2004, 26(5): 509-519.
[10] DE AÏTCIN P C. Cements of yesterday and today: concrete of tomorrow[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2000, 30(9): 1349-1359.
[11] LIU X H, MA B G, TAN H B, et al. Effect of aluminum sulfate on the hydration of Portland cement, tricalcium silicate and tricalcium aluminate[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 232: 117179.
[12] ZEA-GARCIA J D, SANTACRUZ I, ARANDA M A G, et al. Alite-belite-ye′elimite cements: effect of dopants on the clinker phase composition and properties[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2019, 115: 192-202.
[13] ZHAO Y, LIANG N X, CHEN H, et al. Preparation and properties of sintering red mud unburned road brick using orthogonal experiments[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 238: 117739.
[14] ZHANG C M, CAI J X, XU H, et al. Mechanical properties and mechanism of wollastonite fibers reinforced oil well cement[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 260: 120461.
[15] YANG Z H, HUANG J, ZENG G M, et al. Optimization of flocculation conditions for kaolin suspension using the composite flocculant of MBFGA1 and PAC by response surface methodology[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2009, 100(18): 4233-4239.
[16] ZHANG Z M, ZHENG H L. Optimization for decolorization of azo dye acid green 20 by ultrasound and H₂O₂ using response surface methodology[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 172(2/3): 1388-1393.
[17] NASSAR A I, THOM N, PARRY T. Optimizing the mix design of cold bitumen emulsion mixtures using response surface methodology[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2016, 104: 216-229.
[18] ALENYOREGE E A, MA H L, AHETO J H, et al. Response surface methodology centred optimization of mono-frequency ultrasound reduction of bacteria in fresh-cut Chinese cabbage and its effect on quality[J]. LWT, 2020, 122: 108991.
[19] SIMSEK S, USLU S. Investigation of the effects of biodiese l/2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) fuel blends on diesel engine performance and emissions by response surface methodology (RSM)[J]. Fuel, 2020, 275: 118005.
[20] PINTO J A, PRIETO M A, FERREIRA I C F R, et al. Analysis of the oxypropylation process of a lignocellulosic material, almond shell, using the response surface methodology (RSM)[J]. Industrial Crops and Products, 2020, 153: 112542.
[21] HANEIN T, GLASSER F P, BANNERMAN M N. Thermodynamic data for cement clinkering[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2020, 132: 106043.
[22] SOIN A V, CATALAN L J J, KINRADE S D. A combined QXRD/TG method to quantify the phase composition of hydrated Portland cements[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2013, 48: 17-24.
[23] STARINIERI V, HUGHES D C, WILK D. Influence of the combination of Roman cement and lime as the binder phase in render mortars for restoration[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2013, 44: 192-199.
[24] FANG H, ZHAO C, SONG X Y. Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of steam-exploded corn stover by two approaches: response surface methodology or using cellulase from mixed cultures of Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 and Aspergillus Niger NL02[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(11): 4111-4119.
[25] LI X, OUYANG J, XU Y, et al. Optimization of culture conditions for production of yeast biomass using bamboo wastewater by response surface methodology[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2009, 100(14): 3613-3617.
[26] HEMMAT ESFE M, HAJMOHAMMAD M H, ROSTAMIAN S H. Multi-objective particle swarm optimization of thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of magnetic nanodiamond-cobalt oxide dispersed in ethylene glycolusing RSM[J]. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 2020, 117: 104760.
[27] CHANG J, LI J Y, HAN J N, et al. Traces of CH in a C₄A₃-C₂S hydration system[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 197: 641-651.
[28] VEDALAKSHMI R, SUNDARA RAJ A, SRINIVASAN S, et al. Quantification of hydrated cement products of blended cements in low and medium strength concrete using TG and DTA technique[J]. Thermochimica Acta, 2003, 407(1/2): 49-60.
[29] CHANG J, ZHANG Y Y, SHANG X P, et al. Effects of amorphous AH₃ phase on mechanical properties and hydration process of C₄A₃S^--CS^-H₂-CH-H₂O system[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2017, 133: 314-322.
[30] KOCAK Y. Effects of metakaolin on the hydration development of Portland-composite cement[J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2020, 31: 101419.
[31] ZHANG W H, WU F, ZHANG Y S. Early hydration and setting process of fly ash-blended cement paste under different curing temperatures[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater Sci Ed, 2020, 35(3): 551-560.
[32] LI Y, WANG Z D, WANG L. The influence of atmospheric pressure on air content and pore structure of air-entrained concrete[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater Sci Ed, 2019, 34(6): 1365-1370.
[33] PIPILIKAKI P, BEAZI-KATSIOTI M. The assessment of porosity and pore size distribution of limestone Portland cement pastes[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2009, 23(5): 1966-1970.
[34] LI L B, ZHANG H M, GUO X Y, et al. Pore structure evolution and strength development of hardened cement paste with super low water-to-cement ratios[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 227: 117108.