Research Progress on Applications of Seawater and Sea-Sand Engineered Cementitious Composites for Offshore Construction

doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0814

Abstract

Abstract:

Under the strategic background of accelerating the construction of a strong marine country， the development and application of seawater and sea-sand engineered cementitious composites （ECC） are of great significance for the construction of marine infrastructures in coastal and island areas. Seawater and sea-sand ECC not only inherits the excellent toughness， ductility and crack control performance of traditional ECC， but also shows a stronger ability to resist corrosive medium erosion and frequent natural disaster impact in the marine environment in actual projects， which has a broad application prospect. The influences of inorganic salt ions in seawater as well as the particle morphology and mineral composition of sea-sand on the mechanical properties of ECC are systematically sorted out， the additive manufacturing technology based on 3D printing of seawater and sea-sand ECC is discussed， and its typical application scenarios in engineering are summarized. On this basis， the key scientific issues and technical difficulties in the current research of seawater and sea-sand ECC are further analyzed， and the opportunities and challenges for future development are envisioned.

Key words: seawater and sea-sand, engineered cementitious composite, marine engineering, additive manufacturing, mechanical property

CLC Number:

TU528

CHEN Yu, QIU Siyuan, CHEN Xusheng, ZHANG Yamei. Research Progress on Applications of Seawater and Sea-Sand Engineered Cementitious Composites for Offshore Construction[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(2): 367-379.

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1 Concentrations of major ions in seawater from four major Chinese sea

Seawater	Concentration/（mg·L^-1）						Data reference
Seawater	Cl^-	Na⁺	$S O 4 2 -$	Mg²⁺	Ca²⁺	K⁺	Data reference
South China Sea	33 400	21 700	3 840	1 040	579	417	［21］
Yellow Sea	19 360	10 780	2 702	1 297	408	388	［21］
East China Sea	14 818	11 750	2 489	1 158	330	335	［26］
Bohai Sea	17 339	9 310	2 372	1 174	378	359	［27］

Table 1 Concentrations of major ions in seawater from four major Chinese sea

Seawater	Concentration/（mg·L^-1）						Data reference
Seawater	Cl^-	Na⁺	$S O 4 2 -$	Mg²⁺	Ca²⁺	K⁺	Data reference
South China Sea	33 400	21 700	3 840	1 040	579	417	［21］
Yellow Sea	19 360	10 780	2 702	1 297	408	388	［21］
East China Sea	14 818	11 750	2 489	1 158	330	335	［26］
Bohai Sea	17 339	9 310	2 372	1 174	378	359	［27］

Fig.1 Mechanical properties of seawater and sea-sand ECC with different grain sizes of sea-sand， fiber dosages and fiber lengths［3］

Fig.2 Comparison of fiber orientation in cast and 3D printed specimens［70］

Fig.3 Porosity distribution at interfaces of printed concrete［74］

Fig.4 Comparison of fracture surfaces of printed specimens at intra- and inter-layer regions［70］

Fig.5 Structural comparison between conventional jointed concrete pavement and jointless ECC pavement［92］

References 94

[1]	EBEAD U， LAU D， LOLLINI F， et al. A review of recent advances in the science and technology of seawater-mixed concrete［J］. Cement and Concrete Research， 2022， 152： 106666. DOI URL
[2]	XIAO J Z， QIANG C B， NANNI A， et al. Use of sea-sand and seawater in concrete construction： current status and future opportunities［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2017， 155： 1101-1111. DOI URL
[3]	HUANG B T， WU J Q， YU J， et al. Seawater sea-sand engineered/strain-hardening cementitious composites （ECC/SHCC）： assessment and modeling of crack characteristics［J］. Cement and Concrete Research， 2021， 140： 106292. DOI URL
[4]	YI Y， ZHU D J， GUO S C， et al. Development of a low-alkalinity seawater sea sand concrete for enhanced compatibility with BFRP bar in the marine environment［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2022， 134： 104778. DOI URL
[5]	ZHANG K J， ZHANG Q T， XIAO J Z. Durability of FRP bars and FRP bar reinforced seawater sea sand concrete structures in marine environments［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2022， 350： 128898. DOI URL
[6]	ZHU M Z， CHEN B， WU M， et al. Preparation and mechanical characterization of cost-effective low-carbon engineered cementitious composites with seawater and sea-sand［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2023， 136： 104883. DOI URL
[7]	LIN C L， YAN Y H， LIU Z Z， et al. Behavior of FRP seawater sea-sand ECC composite slabs under different loading conditions［J］. Engineering Structures， 2025， 327： 119679. DOI URL
[8]	LIN C L， HUANG D M， LIU Z Z， et al. Mechanical properties， micro-mechanisms， and constitutive models of seawater sea-sand engineered cementitious composites［J］. Journal of Building Engineering， 2024， 94： 109987. DOI URL
[9]	HUANG B T， WU J Q， YU J， et al. High-strength seawater sea-sand engineered cementitious composites （SS-ECC）： mechanical performance and probabilistic modeling［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2020， 114： 103740. DOI URL
[10]	LAO J C， HUANG B T， XU L Y， et al. Seawater sea-sand Engineered Geopolymer Composites （EGC） with high strength and high ductility［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2023， 138： 104998. DOI URL
[11]	LI V C， LEUNG C K Y. Steady-state and multiple cracking of short random fiber composites［J］. Journal of Engineering Mechanics， 1992， 118（11）： 2246-2264. DOI URL
[12]	LEUNG C K Y. Design criteria for pseudoductile fiber-reinforced composites［J］. Journal of Engineering Mechanics， 1996， 122（1）： 10-18. DOI URL
[13]	YU K Q， YU J T， DAI J G， et al. Development of ultra-high performance engineered cementitious composites using polyethylene （PE） fibers［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2018， 158： 217-227. DOI URL
[14]	YU J， CHEN Y X， LEUNG C K Y. Mechanical performance of strain-hardening cementitious composites （SHCC） with hybrid polyvinyl alcohol and steel fibers［J］. Composite Structures， 2019， 226： 111198. DOI URL
[15]	HUANG B T， LI Q H， XU S L， et al. Tensile fatigue behavior of fiber-reinforced cementitious material with high ductility： experimental study and novel P-S-N model［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2018， 178： 349-359. DOI URL
[16]	MECHTCHERINE V， MILLON O， BUTLER M， et al. Mechanical behaviour of strain hardening cement-based composites under impact loading［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2011， 33（1）： 1-11. DOI URL
[17]	LI V C. On engineered cementitious composites （ECC）［J］. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology， 2003， 1（3）： 215-230. DOI URL
[18]	ŞAHMARAN M， LI V C. Durability properties of micro-cracked ECC containing high volumes fly ash［J］. Cement and Concrete Research， 2009， 39（11）： 1033-1043. DOI URL
[19]	AL-DAHAWI A， YıLDıRıM G， ÖZTÜRK O， et al. Assessment of self-sensing capability of engineered cementitious composites within the elastic and plastic ranges of cyclic flexural loading［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2017， 145： 1-10. DOI URL
[20]	TENG J G， XIANG Y， YU T， et al. Development and mechanical behaviour of ultra-high-performance seawater sea-sand concrete［J］. Advances in Structural Engineering， 2019， 22（14）： 3100-3120. DOI URL
[21]	LI P R， LI W G， SUN Z H， et al. Development of sustainable concrete incorporating seawater： a critical review on cement hydration， microstructure and mechanical strength［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2021， 121： 104100. DOI URL
[22]	CAI Y M， XUAN D X， HOU P K， et al. Effect of seawater as mixing water on the hydration behaviour of tricalcium aluminate［J］. Cement and Concrete Research， 2021， 149： 106565. DOI URL
[23]	刘伟，谢友均，董必钦，等. 海砂特性及海砂混凝土力学性能的研究［J］. 硅酸盐通报， 2014， 33（1）： 15-22.
	LIU W， XIE Y J， DONG B Q， et al. Study on characteristics of dredged marine sand and the mechanical properties of concrete made with dredged marine sand［J］. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society， 2014， 33（1）： 15-22 （in Chinese）.
[24]	叶俊宏，郑怡，余江滔，等. 3D打印纤维增强混凝土材料研究进展［J］. 硅酸盐学报， 2021， 49： 2538-2548.
	YE J H， ZHENG Y， YU J T， et al. Research progress on 3D printable fiber reinforced concrete［J］. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society， 2021， 49： 2538-2548 （in Chinese）.
[25]	MA G W， BUSWELL R， LEAL DA SILVA W R， et al. Technology readiness： a global snapshot of 3D concrete printing and the frontiers for development［J］. Cement and Concrete Research， 2022， 156： 106774. DOI URL
[26]	YU J T， LIU K K， XU Q F， et al. Feasibility of using seawater to produce ultra-high ductile cementitious composite for construction without steel reinforcement［J］. Structural Concrete， 2019， 20（2）： 774-785. DOI URL
[27]	傅建彬. 海砂建筑材料资源化几个关键技术的研究［D］. 武汉：武汉大学， 2005.
	FU J B. Several key techniques about construction material resourcialization of sea sand［D］. Wuhan： Wuhan University， 2005 （in Chinese）.
[28]	LI P R， LI W G， WANG K J， et al. Hydration of Portland cement with seawater toward concrete sustainability： phase evolution and thermodynamic modelling［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2023， 138： 105007. DOI URL
[29]	WANG J J， XIE J H， WANG Y L， et al. Rheological properties， compressive strength， hydration products and microstructure of seawater-mixed cement pastes［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2020， 114： 103770. DOI URL
[30]	LI P R， LI W G， YU T， et al. Investigation on early-age hydration， mechanical properties and microstructure of seawater sea sand cement mortar［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2020， 249： 118776. DOI URL
[31]	CHEN Y， ZHANG Y， HE S， et al. Improving structural build-up of limestone-calcined clay-cement pastes by using inorganic additives［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2023， 392： 131959. DOI URL
[32]	CHEN Y， TOOSUMRAN N， CHEHAB N， et al. Feasibility study of using desalination brine to control the stiffness and early-age hydration of 3D printable cementitious materials［J］. Journal of Cleaner Production， 2022， 378： 134522. DOI URL
[33]	REN J， WANG X F， XU S Y， et al. Effect of polycarboxylate superplasticisers on the fresh properties of cementitious materials mixed with seawater［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2021， 289： 123143. DOI URL
[34]	MONTANARI L， SURANENI P， TSUI-CHANG M， et al. Hydration， pore solution， and porosity of cementitious pastes made with seawater［J］. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering， 2019， 31（8）： 04019154.
[35]	PARTHASARATHY P， HANIF A， LI Z J. Early-age properties of cementitious pastes made with seawater［J］. Materials Today： Proceedings， 2022， 65： 707-714.
[36]	YOUNIS A， EBEAD U， SURANENI P， et al. Fresh and hardened properties of seawater-mixed concrete［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2018， 190： 276-286. DOI URL
[37]	SHI Z G， SHUI Z H， LI Q， et al. Combined effect of metakaolin and sea water on performance and microstructures of concrete［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2015， 74： 57-64. DOI URL
[38]	LI Q， GENG H N， SHUI Z H， et al. Effect of metakaolin addition and seawater mixing on the properties and hydration of concrete［J］. Applied Clay Science， 2015， 115： 51-60. DOI URL
[39]	CHENG S K， SHUI Z H， SUN T， et al. Effects of seawater and supplementary cementitious materials on the durability and microstructure of lightweight aggregate concrete［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2018， 190： 1081-1090. DOI URL
[40]	侯卫星，秦磊，郭盼盼，等. 海水-海砂混凝土研究进展［J］. 济南大学学报（自然科学版）， 2024， 38： 184-193.
	HOU W X， QIN L， GUO P P， et al. Research progress on seawater-sea sand concrete［J］. Journal of University of Jinan （Science and Technology）， 2024， 38： 184-193 （in Chinese）.
[41]	卢美媛. 海水对水泥基复合材料水化过程的影响及其机理研究［D］. 深圳：深圳大学， 2019.
	LU M Y. Influence and mechanism of seawater on hydration process of cement-based composites［D］. Shenzhen ： Shenzhen University， 2019 （in Chinese）.
[42]	HUANG B T， YU J， WU J Q， et al. Seawater sea-sand engineered cementitious composites （SS-ECC） for marine and coastal applications［J］. Composites Communications， 2020， 20： 100353. DOI URL
[43]	李曈，任庆新，王庆贺. 经济环保型工程水泥基复合材料力学性能研究进展［J］. 硅酸盐通报， 2023， 42： 3421-3431.
	LI T， REN Q X， WANG Q H. Research progress on mechanical properties of economic and environment friendly engineered cementitious composites［J］. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society， 2023， 42： 3421-3431 （in Chinese）.
[44]	YANG E H， YANG Y， LI V C. Use of high volumes of fly ash to improve ECC mechanical properties and material greenness［J］. ACI Materials Journal， 2007， 104（6）： 620.
[45]	WANG S， LI V C. Engineered cementitious composites with high-volume fly ash［J］. ACI Materials Journal， 2007， 104（3）： 233-241.
[46]	WEI J Y， KE L， WANG P， et al. Microstructure， mechanical properties and interaction mechanism of seawater sea-sand engineered cementitious composite （SS-ECC） with glass fiber reinforced polymer （GFRP） bar［J］. Composite Structures， 2024， 343： 118302. DOI URL
[47]	MOHAMED A M， TAYEH B A， MAJEED S S， et al. Fresh， hardened， durability and microstructure properties of seawater concrete： a systematic review［J］. Journal of CO₂ Utilization， 2024， 83： 102815.
[48]	SUN M J， YU R， JIANG C Y， et al. Quantitative effect of seawater on the hydration kinetics and microstructure development of ultra high performance concrete （UHPC）［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2022， 340： 127733. DOI URL
[49]	中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. 海砂混凝土应用技术规范：JGJ 206—2010［S］. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社， 2010.
	Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China. Technical code for application of sea sand concrete：JGJ 206—2010［S］. Beijing： China Architecture & Building Press， 2010 （in Chinese）.
[50]	YU K Q， WANG Y C， YU J T， et al. A strain-hardening cementitious composites with the tensile capacity up to 8%［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2017， 137： 410-419. DOI URL
[51]	LIN C L， WANG S Y， CHEN M， et al. Experimental study on the mechanical properties of different fiber-reinforced seawater sea-sand engineered cementitious composites［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2021， 304： 124562. DOI URL
[52]	MA H Q， YI C， WU C. Review and outlook on durability of engineered cementitious composite （ECC）［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2021， 287： 122719. DOI URL
[53]	SONA S， SANGEETHA S P. Eco-friendly alternative activators derived from industrial wastes for the sustainable production of two-part geopolymer concrete at low cost［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2025， 467： 140374. DOI URL
[54]	SUJITHA V S， RAJA S， RUSHO MALI， et al. Advances and developments in high strength geopolymer concrete for sustainable construction： a review［J］. Case Studies in Construction Materials， 2025， 22： e04669.
[55]	PAWLUCZUK E， KALINOWSKA-WICHROWSKA K， JIMÉNEZ J R， et al. Geopolymer concrete with treated recycled aggregates： macro and microstructural behavior［J］. Journal of Building Engineering， 2021， 44： 103317. DOI URL
[56]	LI V C， BOS F P， YU K Q， et al. On the emergence of 3D printable engineered， strain hardening cementitious composites （ECC/SHCC）［J］. Cement and Concrete Research， 2020， 132： 106038. DOI URL
[57]	REITER L， WANGLER T， ROUSSEL N， et al. The role of early age structural build-up in digital fabrication with concrete［J］. Cement and Concrete Research， 2018， 112： 86-95. DOI URL
[58]	CHEN Y， HE S， GAN Y D， et al. A review of printing strategies， sustainable cementitious materials and characterization methods in the context of extrusion-based 3D concrete printing［J］. Journal of Building Engineering， 2022， 45： 103599. DOI URL
[59]	BOS F， WOLFS R， AHMED Z， et al. Additive manufacturing of concrete in construction： potentials and challenges of 3D concrete printing［J］. Virtual and Physical Prototyping， 2016， 11（3）： 209-225. DOI URL
[60]	CHAVES FIGUEIREDO S， ROMERO RODRÍGUEZ C， AHMED Z Y， et al. Mechanical behavior of printed strain hardening cementitious composites［J］. Materials， 2020， 13（10）： 2253. DOI URL
[61]	YU K Q， MCGEE W， NG T Y， et al. 3D-printable engineered cementitious composites （3DP-ECC）： fresh and hardened properties［J］. Cement and Concrete Research， 2021， 143： 106388. DOI URL
[62]	XIAO J Z， ZOU S， YU Y， et al. 3D recycled mortar printing： system development， process design， material properties and on-site printing［J］. Journal of Building Engineering， 2020， 32： 101779. DOI URL
[63]	YE J H， CUI C， YU J T， et al. Effect of polyethylene fiber content on workability and mechanical-anisotropic properties of 3D printed ultra-high ductile concrete［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2021， 281： 122586. DOI URL
[64]	ZHU B R， PAN J L， NEMATOLLAHI B， et al. Development of 3D printable engineered cementitious composites with ultra-high tensile ductility for digital construction［J］. Materials & Design， 2019， 181： 108088.
[65]	OGURA H， NERELLA V N， MECHTCHERINE V. Developing and testing of strain-hardening cement-based composites （SHCC） in the context of 3D-printing［J］. Materials， 2018， 11（8）： 1375. DOI URL
[66]	CHEN Y， CHAVES FIGUEIREDO S， LI Z M， et al. Improving printability of limestone-calcined clay-based cementitious materials by using viscosity-modifying admixture［J］. Cement and Concrete Research， 2020， 132： 106040. DOI URL
[67]	CHAVES FIGUEIREDO S， ÇOPUROĞLU O， SCHLANGEN E. Effect of viscosity modifier admixture on Portland cement paste hydration and microstructure［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2019， 212： 818-840. DOI URL
[68]	LI L G， XIAO B F， FANG Z Q， et al. Feasibility of glass/basalt fiber reinforced seawater coral sand mortar for 3D printing［J］. Additive Manufacturing， 2021， 37： 101684. DOI URL
[69]	MA G W， LI Z J， WANG L， et al. Mechanical anisotropy of aligned fiber reinforced composite for extrusion-based 3D printing［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2019， 202： 770-783. DOI URL
[70]	ZHOU W， ZHANG Y M， MA L， et al. Influence of printing parameters on 3D printing engineered cementitious composites （3DP-ECC）［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2022， 130： 104562. DOI URL
[71]	CHEN Y， ÇOPUROĞLU O， ROMERO RODRIGUEZ C， et al. Characterization of air-void systems in 3D printed cementitious materials using optical image scanning and X-ray computed tomography［J］. Materials Characterization， 2021， 173： 110948. DOI URL
[72]	WANG J J， LIU E G， LI L. Multiscale investigations on hydration mechanisms in seawater OPC paste［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2018， 191： 891-903. DOI URL
[73]	CHEN Y， JANSEN K， ZHANG H Z， et al. Effect of printing parameters on interlayer bond strength of 3D printed limestone-calcined clay-based cementitious materials： an experimental and numerical study［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2020， 262： 120094. DOI URL
[74]	XIAO J Z， BAI M Y， WU Y， et al. Interlayer bonding strength and pore characteristics of 3D printed engineered cementitious composites （ECC）［J］. Journal of Building Engineering， 2024， 84： 108559. DOI URL
[75]	ROUSSEL N. Rheological requirements for printable concretes［J］. Cement and Concrete Research， 2018， 112： 76-85. DOI URL
[76]	KEITA E， BESSAIES-BEY H， ZUO W Q， et al. Weak bond strength between successive layers in extrusion-based additive manufacturing： measurement and physical origin［J］. Cement and Concrete Research， 2019， 123： 105787. DOI URL
[77]	CHEN Y， TOOSUMRAN N， CHEHAB N， et al. Feasibility study of using desalination brine to control the stiffness and early-age hydration of 3D printable cementitious materials［J］. Journal of Cleaner Production， 2022， 378： 134522. DOI URL
[78]	WANG J J， XIE J H， WANG Y L， et al. Rheological properties， compressive strength， hydration products and microstructure of seawater-mixed cement pastes［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2020， 114： 103770. DOI URL
[79]	ROKUGO K， KANDA T， YOKOTA H， et al. Applications and recommendations of high performance fiber reinforced cement composites with multiple fine cracking （HPFRCC） in Japan［J］. Materials and Structures， 2009， 42（9）： 1197-1208. DOI URL
[80]	王怀民. 中国安能三局巴塘项目水工ECC首次示范应用［EB/OL］. （2022-03-09）［2025-08-06］. https://m.thepaper.cn/baijiahao_17037668.
	WANG H M. First demonstration application of ECC in Batang Project of China Aneng Third Bureau ［EB/OL］. （2022-03-09）［2025-08-06］. https://m.thepaper.cn/baijiahao_17037668 （in Chinese）.
[81]	DING Y， YU K Q， YU J T， et al. Structural behaviors of ultra-high performance engineered cementitious composites （UHP-ECC） beams subjected to bending-experimental study［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2018， 177： 102-115. DOI URL
[82]	LI L Z， BAI Y， YU K Q， et al. Reinforced high-strength engineered cementitious composite （ECC） columns under eccentric compression： experiment and theoretical model［J］. Engineering Structures， 2019， 198： 109541. DOI URL
[83]	FAN T H， ZENG J J， SU T H， et al. Offshore floating wind turbine foundation revolution enabled by fiber-reinforced polymer （FRP） reinforced cementitious materials［J］. The Innovation Materials， 2024， 2（2）： 100073. DOI URL
[84]	闵锐，朱博，段锋. 超高性能混凝土在预制构件领域的应用研究进展［J］. 混凝土与水泥制品， 2025（6）： 37-41.
	MIN R， ZHU B， DUAN F. Research progress on the application of ultra-high performance concrete in the field of prefabricated components［J］. China Concrete and Cement Products， 2025（6）： 37-41 （in Chinese）.
[85]	YOO D Y， BANTHIA N. Mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete： a review［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2016， 73： 267-280. DOI URL
[86]	LIN S H， LIU J， LIU C， et al. Triaxial compressive behaviour of ultra-high performance geopolymer concrete （UHPGC） and its applications in contact explosion and projectile impact analysis［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2024， 449： 138394. DOI URL
[87]	XI B， HUANG Z W， AL-OBAIDI S， et al. Healing capacity of ultra high performance concrete under sustained through crack tensile stresses and aggressive environments［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2024， 145： 105355. DOI URL
[88]	赵飞，张昂，冯富霞. CFN-ECC在高层建筑抗震加固中的性能研究［J］. 工程技术研究， 2025， 10（11）： 123-125.
	ZHAO F， ZHANG A， FENG F X. Research on the performance of CFN-ECC in seismic reinforcement of high-rise buildings［J］. Engineering and Technological Research， 2025， 10（11）： 123-125 （in Chinese）.
[89]	HU Z H， ELCHALAKANI M， YEHIA S， et al. Engineered cementitious composite （ECC） strengthening of reinforced concrete structures： a state-of-the-art review［J］. Journal of Building Engineering， 2024， 86： 108941. DOI URL
[90]	高云飞，鱼江婷，尤卓，等. ECC/FRP-ECC复合材料力学性能及应用研究进展［J］. 混凝土， 2025（5）： 174-179+187.
	GAO Y F， YU J T， YOU Z， et al. Research progress on mechanical properties and applications of ECC and FRP reinforced ECC［J］. Concrete， 2025（5）： 174-179+187 （in Chinese）.
[91]	张志刚，张仁毅，张沛，等. 可自修复的高延性混凝土（ECC）在机场道面的适用性分析［J］. 重庆大学学报， 2021， 44： 97-105.
	ZHANG Z G， ZHANG R Y， ZHANG P， et al. Feasibility study of engineered cementitious composites （ECC） with self-healing capacity for airfield pavement［J］. Journal of Chongqing University， 2021， 44： 97-105 （in Chinese）.
[92]	王晓威，刘晓瑜. 无接缝水泥混凝土路面ECC连接段结构设计［J］. 公路， 2025， 70： 1-7.
	WANG X W， LIU X Y. Structural design of ECC connection segment in jointless cement concrete pavement［J］. Highway， 2025， 70： 1-7 （in Chinese）.
[93]	LEPECH M D， LI V C. Application of ECC for bridge deck link slabs［J］. Materials and Structures， 2009， 42（9）： 1185-1195. DOI URL
[94]	谷音，彭晨星. PVA-ECC加固桥墩抗震性能试验研究［J］. 振动与冲击， 2021， 40： 92-99.
	GU Y， PENG C X. Experimental study on the seismic behavior of bridge piers strengthened with PVA-ECC［J］. Journal of Vibration and Shock， 2021， 40： 92-99 （in Chinese）.