Influence of Burnt Coal Cinder on Mechanics and Hydration Process of Cement

doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0600

Abstract

Abstract:

The low hydration reactivity of burnt coal cinder limits its application as supplementary cementitious material. In this study， the hydration reactivity of burnt coal cinder was activated by mechanical ball milling method， and mechanism of improving the reactivity of burnt coal cinder and its effect on the mechanical properties and hydration process of composite cementitious material were systematically explored. The results show that the layered aluminosilicate structure in burnt coal cinder is destroyed by mechanical ball milling， leading to the changes in the binding energies of Si—O and Al—O. The concentrations of reactive Si and Al increase by 694.55% and 634.27% in ball milling burnt coal cinder compared to burnt coal cinder. When the ball milling burnt coal cinder content is 30% （mass fraction）， the 3 and 28 d compressive strength of composite cementitious material increase by 6.03% and 22.38%， respectively， compared to the basic group， and increase by 49.13% and 82.99%， respectively， compared to the reference group. The incorporation of ball milling burnt coal cinder promotes the consumption of Ca（OH）₂， which results in the increase of hydration products such as calcium silicate hydrate （C-S-H） gel， and the densification of microstructure， thereby improving the mechanical properties of composite cementitious material. The cumulative heat of hydration gradually decreases with the increase of ball milling burnt coal cinder content without affecting the mechanical properties of composite cementitious material.

Key words: ball milling burnt coal cinder, reactive Si and Al, supplementary cementitious material, crystal structure, mechanical property, hydration mechanism

CLC Number:

TU525

LIU Shiqi, ZHOU Zichen, HUANG Xiulin, ZENG Ming, ZHANG Bing, ZHANG Jianfeng, SHEN Chunhua. Influence of Burnt Coal Cinder on Mechanics and Hydration Process of Cement[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(1): 165-176.

Figures/Tables 14

References 31

[1]	CHURKINA G， ORGANSCHI A， REYER C P O， et al. Buildings as a global carbon sink［J］. Nature Sustainability， 2020， 3（4）： 269-276. DOI
[2]	RAVIKUMAR D， ZHANG D， KEOLEIAN G， et al. Carbon dioxide utilization in concrete curing or mixing might not produce a net climate benefit［J］. Nature Communications， 2021， 12： 855. DOI PMID
[3]	赵羽习，张大伟，夏　晋，等. 混凝土结构全寿命减碳技术研究进展［J］. 建筑结构学报， 2024， 45（3）： 1-14.
	ZHAO Y X， ZHANG D W， XIA J， et al. Research progress of life-cycle carbon emission reduction technologies for concrete structures［J］. Journal of Building Structures， 2024， 45（3）： 1-14 （in Chinese）. DOI
[4]	李丹，郑伟，刘彦伟. “双碳”背景下水泥行业发展之路［J］. 中国水泥， 2022， 5： 82-84.
	LI D， ZHENG W， LIU Y W. The development path of cement industry under the background of “dual carbon”［J］. China Cement， 2022， 5： 82-84 （in Chinese）.
[5]	杨向龙，戈海猛. “双碳”背景下水泥行业碳减排策略探讨［J］. 资源节约与环保， 2024， 11： 130-133.
	YANG X L， GE H M. Exploration of carbon emission reduction strategies in the cement industry under the background of “dual carbon”［J］. Resources Economization & Environmental Protection， 2024， 11： 130-133 （in Chinese）.
[6]	王丽丽. 低碳在水泥行业高质量发展中的应用探析［J］. 中国水泥， 2024（增刊2）： 53-54.
	WANG L L. Exploration of the application of low carbon in high quality development of cement industry［J］. China Cement， 2024（supplement 2）： 53-54 （in Chinese）.
[7]	SILVEIRA V A L， DE RESENDE D S， SILVA BEZERRA A C. Sanitary ware waste in eco-friendly Portland blended cement： potential use as supplementary cementitious material［J］. Cement， 2025， 19： 100126. DOI URL
[8]	ZAJAC M， BREMEIER R， DEJA J， et al. Carbonation hardening of Portland cement with recycled supplementary cementitious materials［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2025， 157： 105904. DOI URL
[9]	施麟芸，匡敬忠，刘松柏. 尾矿制备辅助胶凝材料的潜能与机制评述［J］. 建筑材料学报， 2024， 27（10）： 922-930.
	SHI L Y， KUANG J Z， LIU S B. Review on potential and mechanism of supplementary cementitious materials prepared by tailings［J］. Journal of Building Materials， 2024， 27（10）： 922-930 （in Chinese）.
[10]	徐美贞，张道明. 辅助胶凝材料对再生混凝土性能影响的研究［J］. 齐齐哈尔大学学报（自然科学版）， 2023， 39（6）： 77-83+94.
	XU M Z， ZHANG D M. Study on the influence of supplementary cementitious materials on the performance of recycled concrete［J］. Journal of Qiqihar University （Natural Science Edition）， 2023， 39（6）： 77-83+94 （in Chinese）.
[11]	王朝蓬，杨　洋，刘宇鹏，等. 煤矸石制备水泥辅助胶凝材料的应用研究［J］. 水泥工程， 2023（5）： 1-4.
	WANG Z P， YANG Y， LIU Y P， et al. Research on the application of coal gangue to prepare cement assisted cementitious materials［J］. Cement Engineering， 2023（5）： 1-4 （in Chinese）.
[12]	赵英良，郑勇，崔凯，等. 高活性碳化钢渣对水泥基复合材料水化与力学性能的影响［J］. 硅酸盐通报， 2025， 44（4）： 1306-1327. DOI
	ZHAO Y L， ZHENG Y， CUI K， et al. Effect of highly reactive carbonated steel slag on hydration and mechanical properties of cement composites［J］. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society， 2025， 44（4）： 1306-1327 （in Chinese）. DOI
[13]	车志豪，王家滨，张凯峰，等. 多元胶凝材料体系再生混凝土复合盐侵蚀耐久性退化规律［J］. 硅酸盐通报， 2023， 42（8）： 2733-2742.
	CHE Z H， WANG J B， ZHANG K F， et al. Durability degradation law of recycled aggregate concrete with multiple cementitious materials system subjected to compound salt erosion［J］. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society， 2023， 42（8）： 2733-2742 （in Chinese）.
[14]	SMARZEWSKI P， BARNAT-HUNEK D. Mechanical and durability related properties of high performance concrete made with coal cinder and waste foundry sand［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2016， 121： 9-17. DOI URL
[15]	HUANG M Y， BAO S X， ZHANG Y M， et al. Calcium-activated geopolymer ceramics： study of powder calcination and amorphous gel phases［J］. Journal of the American Ceramic Society， 2023， 106（6）： 3964-3977. DOI URL
[16]	黎梦珂，包申旭，张一敏，等. 燃煤渣基地聚物的制备及热活化效果［J］. 土木与环境工程学报， 2023， 41： 188-126.
	LI M K， BAO S X， ZHANG Y M， et al. Research on preparation and thermal activation effect of geopolymers based on burnt coal cinder［J］. Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering， 2023， 41： 188-126 （in Chinese）.
[17]	黄梓谕，丁之尧，曹　丹，等. 基于响应面法的多固废基地聚合物配比优化及其表征［J］. 硅酸盐通报， 2025， 44（2）： 569-578. DOI
	HUANG Z Y， DING Z Y， CAO D， et al. Ratio optimization and characterization of multi-solid waste-based geopolymer by response surface method［J］. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society， 2025， 44（2）： 569-578 （in Chinese）. DOI
[18]	赵灿濠，李犇，徐虎，等. 耦合激发炉渣基水泥净浆力学性能研究［J］. 材料研究与应用， 2024， 18（5）： 841⁃848.
	ZHAO C H， LI B， XU H， et al. Study on the mechanical properties of slag-based cement paste under coupled excitation［J］. Materials Research and Application， 2024， 18（5）： 841⁃848 （in Chinese）.
[19]	樊金涛，刘荣进，陈　平，等. 水淬锰渣-炉渣-石灰石复合微粉的活性试验［J］. 桂林理工大学学报， 2024， 44（1）： 149-154.
	FAN J T， LIU R J， CHEN P， et al. Activation of superfine-powder admixture of water-cooled manganese， slag-furnace and slag-limestone［J］. Journal of Guilin University of Technology， 2024， 44（1）： 149-154 （in Chinese）.
[20]	NIU H， KINNUNEN P， SREENIVASAN H， et al. Structural collapse in phlogopite mica-rich mine tailings induced by mechanochemical treatment and implications to alkali activation potential［J］. Minerals Engineering， 2020， 151： 106331. DOI URL
[21]	BOLDYREV V V. Mechanochemistry and mechanical activation of solids［J］. Russian Chemical Reviews， 2006， 75（3）： 177-189. DOI URL
[22]	汪月琴，刘　银，张明旭，等. 机械活化和静压对水镁石晶体结构的影响［J］. 中国科学技术大学学报， 2018， 48（7）： 542-549+599.
	WANG Y Q， LIU Y， ZHANG M X， et al. Effect ofmechanical activation and hydrostatic pressure on the crystal structure of brucite［J］. Journal of University of Science and Technology of China， 2018， 48（7）： 542-549+599 （in Chinese）.
[23]	SHI Y， LI Y， WANG H W. Eco-friendly solid waste-based cementitious material containing a large amount of phosphogypsum： performance optimization， micro-mechanisms， and environmental properties［J］. Journal of Cleaner Production， 2024， 471： 143335. DOI URL
[24]	商效瑀，史华彤，龚　彬，等. 基于秸秆固废资源化的水泥辅助胶凝材料制备与性能［J/OL］. 复合材料学报， 2024： 1-11 （ 2024-05-23）［ 2025-07-08］. http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=FUHE20240520005&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ.
	SHANG X Y， SHI H T， GONG B， et al. Preparation and properties of cement-aided cementitious material based on straw solid waste recycling［J/OL］. China Industrial Economics， 2024： 1-11 （ 2024-05-23）［ 2025-07-08］. http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=FUHE20240520005&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ （in Chinese）.
[25]	朱增超，刘贤平，水中和，等. 固废基复合胶凝材料配比优化设计及协同效应研究［J］. 硅酸盐通报， 2023， 42（12）： 4368-4377+4388.
	ZHU Z C， LIU X P， SHUI Z H， et al. Mix ratio optimization design and synergistic effect study of multi-source solid waste binders［J］. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society， 2023， 42（12）： 4368-4377+4388 （in Chinese）.
[26]	JAKOB C， JANSEN D， DENGLER J， et al. Controlling ettringite precipitation and rheological behavior in ordinary Portland cement paste by hydration control agent， temperature and mixing［J］. Cement and Concrete Research， 2023， 166： 107095. DOI URL
[27]	YUSUF M O. Bond characterization in cementitious material binders using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy［J］. Applied Sciences， 2023， 13（5）： 3353. DOI URL
[28]	KUPWADE-PATIL K， PALKOVIC S D， BUMAJDAD A， et al. Use of silica fume and natural volcanic ash as a replacement to Portland cement： micro and pore structural investigation using NMR， XRD， FTIR and X-ray microtomography［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2018， 158： 574-590. DOI URL
[29]	周正宁，张祖华，邓毓琳，等. CLDH对矿渣基地聚合物微观结构和性能的影响［J］. 硅酸盐学报， 2023， 51（9）： 2138-2152.
	ZHOU Z N， ZHANG Z H， DENG Y L， et al. Effect of CLDH on microstructure and properties of slag-based geopolymer［J］. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society， 2023， 51（9）： 2138-2152 （in Chinese）.
[30]	SHAKOURI M， EXSTROM C L， RAMANATHAN S， et al. Pretreatment of corn stover ash to improve its effectiveness as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2020， 112： 103658. DOI URL
[31]	DE LIMA C P F， CORDEIRO G C. Evaluation of corn straw ash as supplementary cementitious material： effect of acid leaching on its pozzolanic activity［J］. Cement， 2021， 4： 100007. DOI URL

Material	Mass fraction/%
Material	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	CaO	MgO	SO₃	TiO₂	Na₂O	K₂O	LOI
Cement	19.98	5.64	3.35	62.57	1.87	3.04	0.34	0.16	0.65	2.40
BCC	52.51	19.87	7.02	4.28	0.75	0.29	0.74	0.25	0.34	9.89

Material	Mass fraction/%
Material	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	CaO	MgO	SO₃	TiO₂	Na₂O	K₂O	LOI
Cement	19.98	5.64	3.35	62.57	1.87	3.04	0.34	0.16	0.65	2.40
BCC	52.51	19.87	7.02	4.28	0.75	0.29	0.74	0.25	0.34	9.89

Group	Cementing materials mass fraction/ %		Machine-made sand mass fraction/ %				Sand/binder ratio	Water/ binder ratio
Group	Cement	BCC-BM	0.180~ <0.425 mm	0.425~ <0.850 mm	0.850~ <2.360 mm	2.360~ <4.750 mm	Sand/binder ratio	Water/ binder ratio
BCC-BM10	90	10	27.27	36.36	27.27	9.10	2.5	0.4
BCC-BM20	80	20	27.27	36.36	27.27	9.10	2.5	0.4
BCC-BM30	70	30	27.27	36.36	27.27	9.10	2.5	0.4
BCC-BM40	60	40	27.27	36.36	27.27	9.10	2.5	0.4
BCC-BM50	50	50	27.27	36.36	27.27	9.10	2.5	0.4
Basic	100	0	27.27	36.36	27.27	9.10	2.5	0.4
Reference	70	30 （BCC）	27.27	36.36	27.27	9.10	2.5	0.4

Group	Cementing materials mass fraction/ %		Machine-made sand mass fraction/ %				Sand/binder ratio	Water/ binder ratio
Group	Cement	BCC-BM	0.180~ <0.425 mm	0.425~ <0.850 mm	0.850~ <2.360 mm	2.360~ <4.750 mm	Sand/binder ratio	Water/ binder ratio
BCC-BM10	90	10	27.27	36.36	27.27	9.10	2.5	0.4
BCC-BM20	80	20	27.27	36.36	27.27	9.10	2.5	0.4
BCC-BM30	70	30	27.27	36.36	27.27	9.10	2.5	0.4
BCC-BM40	60	40	27.27	36.36	27.27	9.10	2.5	0.4
BCC-BM50	50	50	27.27	36.36	27.27	9.10	2.5	0.4
Basic	100	0	27.27	36.36	27.27	9.10	2.5	0.4
Reference	70	30 （BCC）	27.27	36.36	27.27	9.10	2.5	0.4

Group	Mass loss rate of C-S-H and AFt/%		Mass loss rate of Ca（OH）₂/%		Mass loss rate of CaCO₃/%
Group	3 d	28 d	3 d	28 d	3 d	28 d
Basic	6.82	7.44	4.48	5.34	3.46	6.02
BCC-BM10	5.98	8.09	3.86	4.39	4.77	6.25
BCC-BM30	5.58	8.27	3.05	3.34	5.92	7.07
BCC-BM50	4.70	7.37	2.58	2.57	5.28	7.23