混搅挤一体化快速3D打印实现速凝混凝土可连续建造的验证

doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2026.0014

硅酸盐通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (8): 2699-2710.DOI: 10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2026.0014

混搅挤一体化快速3D打印实现速凝混凝土可连续建造的验证

李维红¹^,²(), 邓永杰¹^,², 王朝英¹^,², 钟建军¹^,², 吕立博¹^,², 麻海燕³^,⁴, 余红发⁴(), 李栋伟¹^,²()

^1.大连大学建筑工程学院，大连 116622
^2.辽宁省复杂结构系统灾害预测与防治重点实验室，大连 116622
^3.吉首大学智能建造学院，张家界 427000
^4.南京航空航天大学民航学院，南京 210016

收稿日期:2026-01-06 修订日期:2026-02-09 出版日期:2026-08-15 发布日期:2026-09-01
通信作者: 余红发，博士，教授。E-mail：yuhongfa@nuaa.edu.cn
李栋伟，博士，教授。E-mail：dwli2005@163.com
作者简介:李维红（1971—），女，博士，教授。主要从事3D打印水泥基材料性能方面的研究。E-mail：liweihong714@163.com
基金资助:
辽宁省兴辽英才计划领军人才项目(XLYC2402027);大连大学学科建设专项(DLUXK-2025-FX-005);大连市重点科技研发项目(2023YF23WZ045)

Verification of Integrated Mixing-Stirring-Extrusion Rapid 3D Printing Achieve Continuous Construction of Rapid-Setting Concrete

LI Weihong¹^,²(), DENG Yongjie¹^,², WANG Chaoying¹^,², ZHONG Jianjun¹^,², LYU Libo¹^,², MA Haiyan³^,⁴, YU Hongfa⁴(), LI Dongwei¹^,²()

^1.Collage of Civil Engineering and Architecture，Dalian University，Dalian 116622，China
^2.Key Laboratory for Prediction & Control on Complicated Structure System of the Education Department of Liaoning Province，Dalian 116622，China
^3.School of Intelligent Construction，Jishou University，Zhangjiajie 427000，China
^4.College of Civil Aviation，Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics，Nanjing 210016，China

Received:2026-01-06 Revised:2026-02-09 Published:2026-08-15 Online:2026-09-01

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为解决混凝土3D打印中因采用“先搅拌、后输送”工艺导致的速凝水泥基材料开放时间与凝结时间协同困难、无法满足建筑结构连续建造需求的问题，本研究采用自主研发的混搅挤一体化速凝混凝土3D打印设备，创新性地采用双管道分别输送干料与液体，并在喷头内实现即时混合、搅拌和挤出，成功突破了该技术难题。以速凝磷酸镁水泥（MPC）砂浆为打印材料，系统探究了打印构件凝结层数随时间的演化规律，以及凝结-未凝结交界处（凝结线）材料抗压强度与未凝结层总自重应力之间的动态匹配关系，验证了该一体化工艺实现速凝材料连续建造的可行性。结果表明：MPC砂浆打印构件已凝结层上方始终保留4~7层未凝结层，且未凝结层数随打印进程逐渐减少；凝结线处打印层抗压强度始终为未凝结层总自重应力的25.6倍及以上，该打印层的强度发展速率为未凝结层自重应力发展速率的26.7倍及以上，这表明底部凝结层可持续支撑上部未凝结层自重，从而证实混搅挤一体化3D打印工艺可实现MPC砂浆快速连续建造。本研究结论为提升速凝水泥基材料3D打印效率、优化工艺流程提供了参考。

关键词: 混搅挤一体化快速3D打印, 磷酸镁水泥砂浆, 连续建造, 抗压强度, 自重应力

Abstract:

To address the conflict between the open time and setting time of rapid-setting cementitious materials caused by the “mix-then-convey process” in concrete 3D printing， as well as the consequent failure to meet the continuous construction requirements of building structures， this study adopted an independently developed integrated mixing-stirring-extrusion 3D printing device for rapid-setting concrete. With the innovative design of dual-pipeline separate delivery of dry materials and liquid， plus in-nozzle instant mixing， stirring and extrusion， this technical bottleneck was overcome. Taking rapid-setting magnesium phosphate cement （MPC） mortar as the printing material， this study systematically investigates the evolution law of the number of setting layers of printed components over time， as well as the dynamic matching relationship between the compressive strength of materials at the setting-unset interface （setting line） and the total self-weight stress of unset layers， so as to verify the feasibility of continuous construction of rapid-setting materials using this integrated process. The results show that there are always 4 to 7 unset layers above the set layers of MPC mortar printed components， and the number of unset layers gradually decreases with the progress of printing. The compressive strength of the printed layers at the setting line is always 25.6 times or more of the total self-weight stress of the unset layers， and the strength development rate was 26.7 times or more of the self-weight stress development rate of the unset layers. This indicates that the bottom set layers can continuously support the self-weight of the upper unset layers， confirming that the integrated mixing-stirring-extrusion 3D printing process enables rapid and continuous construction of MPC mortar. The research findings provide a reference for improving the 3D printing efficiency of rapid-setting cementitious materials and optimizing the printing process.

Key words: integrated mixing-stirring-extrusion rapid 3D printing, magnesium phosphate cement mortar, continuous construction, compressive strength, self-weight stress

中图分类号:

TU528

李维红, 邓永杰, 王朝英, 钟建军, 吕立博, 麻海燕, 余红发, 李栋伟. 混搅挤一体化快速3D打印实现速凝混凝土可连续建造的验证[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2026, 45(8): 2699-2710.

LI Weihong, DENG Yongjie, WANG Chaoying, ZHONG Jianjun, LYU Libo, MA Haiyan, YU Hongfa, LI Dongwei. Verification of Integrated Mixing-Stirring-Extrusion Rapid 3D Printing Achieve Continuous Construction of Rapid-Setting Concrete[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(8): 2699-2710.

图/表 18

表1 重烧氧化镁、粉煤灰与偏高岭土的主要化学成分

Table 1 Main chemical composition of MgO， FA， and MK

Material	Mass fraction/%
Material	MgO	SiO₂	CaO	Fe₂O₃	SO₃	Al₂O₃	TiO₂	NaO₃	K₂O	Loss
MgO	92.33	3.30	2.07	0.64	—	0.97	—	—	—	0.22
FA	1.71	51.97	6.27	5.27	1.46	28.77	1.66	—	—	2.89
MK	0.49	53.21	0.54	0.51	—	44.19	0.91	0.08	0.14	—

表2 磷酸镁水泥砂浆配合比

Table 2 Mix proportion of magnesium phosphate cement mortar

Component	MgO	KH₂PO₄	B	FA	MK	S
Mix proportion/（kg·m^-3）	417	283	29.2	250	50	1 000

图1 打印试件模型及取样示意图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of printed specimen model and sampling

图2 打印试件抗压强度测试方法

Fig.2 Test method of compressive strength of printed specimens

图3 打印工艺模式对比

Fig.3 Comparison of printing process modes

图4 混搅挤一体化3D打印喷头装置示意图

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of integrated mixing-stirring-extrusion 3D printing nozzle device

图5 打印模型及打印过程图

Fig.5 Printed model and printing process diagram

图6 材料打印层凝结测试示意图

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of coagulation test of material printing layer

图7 PT、SL和NSL随时间的变化关系

Fig.7 Relationship between PT， SL， and NSL with time

图8 SL与NSL随时间的变化情况

Fig.8 Changes of SL and NSL with time

表3 各时间点MPC砂浆的抗压强度

Table 3 Compressive strength of MPC mortar at each time point

T/min	σ_MT/kPa	T/min	σ_MT/kPa
3	46	17	2 230
4.5	61	19	2 530
6	97	21	3 030
8	208	24	3 250
10	316	27	4 180
12	647	30	4 960
15	1 950	33	5 510

图9 计算模型及打印构件单层截面示意图

Fig.9 Schematic diagram of calculation model and single-layer cross-section of printed component

图10 凝结线处打印层材料抗压强度与未凝结层材料总自重应力随时间的变化关系

Fig.10 Relationship between compressive strength of printing layer material at condensation line and total self-weight stress of uncondensed layer material with time

表4 各时间点MPC砂浆的抗压强度发展速率

Table 4 Development rate of compressive strength of MPC mortar at each time point

T/min	（σ_MT/T）/（kPa·min^-1）	T/min	（σ_MT/T）/（kPa·min^-1）
3	15.3	17	131.2
4.5	13.6	19	133.2
6	16.2	21	144.3
8	26.0	24	135.4
10	31.6	27	154.8
12	53.9	30	165.3
15	130.0	33	167.0

图11 凝结层抗压强度发展速率与未凝结层自重应力随时间的变化关系

Fig.11 Relationship between development rate of compressive strength of condensed layer and change of self-weight stress of uncondensed layer with time

图12 打印试件抗压强度与时间的关系拟合

Fig.12 Fitting relationship between compressive strength and time of printed specimens

图13 打印构件各层抗压强度及其需要支撑上部打印层总自重应力的分布

Fig.13 Compressive strength of each layer of printing component and distribution of total self-weight stress of upper printing layer need to be supported

图14 各打印层材料的高度与抗压强度随时间的变化关系

Fig.14 Relationship between height of each printing layer material and compressive strength with time

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混搅挤一体化快速3D打印实现速凝混凝土可连续建造的验证

Verification of Integrated Mixing-Stirring-Extrusion Rapid 3D Printing Achieve Continuous Construction of Rapid-Setting Concrete

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