模板表面粗糙度对混凝土制品表观质量的影响

doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0766

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为系统探究模板表面粗糙度对混凝土表观质量的影响机制，本文采用图像分析技术，研究了不同模板表面粗糙度对混凝土表面孔隙率、孔隙分布、镜面反射特性（灰度值）以及色差（灰度标准偏差值）的影响，并采用XRD及SEM对色差形成机理进行分析。结果表明：随着模板表面粗糙度的增加，混凝土表面孔隙率呈上升的趋势，且大孔隙占比增加，小孔隙占比减少；混凝土表面灰度值随模板表面粗糙度增加而降低，模板表面粗糙度较低有助于试件形成更加密实的表面结构，镜面反射能力增强，从而提高灰度值；表面色差（灰度标准偏差值）随着模板表面粗糙度增加呈先增大后减小的趋势，在最低模板表面粗糙度下成型的混凝土表面色差最明显。微观测试表明，当模板表面粗糙度较低时，模板表面较为光滑，混凝土表面邻近部位的Ca（OH）₂含量及微观结构密实程度会略微提高，这导致其成型表面形成暗色区域，从而产生色差。

关键词: 模板表面粗糙度, 孔隙率, 孔隙分布, 镜面反射特性, 色差, 灰度

Abstract:

To systematically explore the influence mechanism of formwork surface roughness on the apparent quality of concrete， this study employed image analysis technology to investigate the influence of different formwork surface roughness on the concrete surface porosity， pore distribution， mirror reflection characteristic （gray value）， and color difference （gray level standard deviation value）. XRD and SEM analyses were employed to analyze the formation mechanism of the color difference. The results indicate that as formwork surface roughness increases， the concrete surface porosity shows an upward trend， and the proportion of large pores increases， while the proportion of small pores decreases accordingly. The gray value of the concrete surface decreased with the increase of the formwork surface roughness. Lower formwork surface roughness helps the surface structure of the specimens more compact and enhances the mirror reflection ability， thereby increases the gray value. However， surface color difference （gray level standard deviation value） of the concrete first increases and then decreases with the increase of the formwork surface roughness，and is most pronounced in concrete formed under the lowest formwork surface roughness.Microscopic test results show that when formwork surface roughness is low， the surface of formwork is smooth， the content of Ca（OH）₂ and the microstructure density in adjacent parts of the concrete surface are slightly increased， resulting in the formation of dark areas on the formed surface and causing color differences.

Key words: formwork surface roughness, porosity, pore distribution, mirror reflection characteristic, color difference, gray value

中图分类号:

TU528

李顺凯, 窦华康, 孙凤品, 陈荣辉, 李杰. 模板表面粗糙度对混凝土制品表观质量的影响[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2026, 45(1): 123-132.

LI Shunkai, DOU Huakang, SUN Fengpin, CHEN Ronghui, LI Jie. Influence of Formwork Surface Roughness on Appearance Quality of Concrete Products[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(1): 123-132.

图/表 13

表1 水泥化学成分

Table 1 Chemical composition of cement

Chemical composition	CaO	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	MgO	P₂O₅	K₂O	TiO₂	MnO	Other
Mass fraction/%	60.31	17.83	5.40	7.22	2.00	0.10	6.22	0.85	0.05	0.02

表2 骨料主要参数

Table 2 Main parameters of aggregates

Material

Apparent density/ （kg·m^-3）

Loose bulk

density/（kg·m^-3）

Void ratio/%

Stone powder

（mass fraction）/ %

Crushing

index/%

MB value

Fineness

modulus

表3 混凝土配合比

Table 3 Mix proportion of concrete

Strength grade	Mix proportion/（kg·m^-3）
Strength grade	Cement	Sand	Stone	Water	Water-reducing agent
C40	426	857	1 006	162	2.31

图1 模板表面测区分布图

Fig.1 Distribution map of formwork surface survey area

图2 不同模板表面粗糙度的混凝土表面

Fig.2 Concrete surfaces with different formwork surface roughness

表4 灰度标准偏差值评价等级［18］

Table 4 Evaluation grade of gray level standard deviation value［18］

Evaluation grade	Excellent	Good	Poor
Evaluation index	S＜6	6≤S≤10	S＞10

图3 模板表面Ra值对试件表面孔隙率和孔隙分布影响

Fig.3 Effect of formwork surface Ra value on porosity and pore dstribution of specimen surface

图4 不同模板表面粗糙度成型混凝土表面的镜面反射特征

Fig.4 Mirror reflection characteristics of concrete surfaces formed by different formwork surface roughness

表5 试件灰度统计数值

Table 5 Gray value statistical values of the specimen

Formwork surface roughness/ $μ$ m	Grayscale data	Average gray value
0.05	139.205 242 1	137.943 070 2
	136.017 833 7
	135.043 321 0
	141.505 884 0
0.91	124.424 191 3	125.806 956 5
	124.622 610 0
	126.607 392 0
	127.573 632 5
1.74	120.790 458 0	119.107 446 8
	114.312 963 9
	116.096 740 2
	125.229 625 4
2.60	116.547 569 5	117.007 462 9
	117.155 535 9
	118.517 495 1
	115.809 251 3
3.38	106.564 125 2	106.898 259 6
	107.308 069 0
	110.548 796 0
	103.172 048 0

表5 试件灰度统计数值

Table 5 Gray value statistical values of the specimen

Formwork surface roughness/ $μ$ m	Grayscale data	Average gray value
0.05	139.205 242 1	137.943 070 2
	136.017 833 7
	135.043 321 0
	141.505 884 0
0.91	124.424 191 3	125.806 956 5
	124.622 610 0
	126.607 392 0
	127.573 632 5
1.74	120.790 458 0	119.107 446 8
	114.312 963 9
	116.096 740 2
	125.229 625 4
2.60	116.547 569 5	117.007 462 9
	117.155 535 9
	118.517 495 1
	115.809 251 3
3.38	106.564 125 2	106.898 259 6
	107.308 069 0
	110.548 796 0
	103.172 048 0

图5 模板表面Ra值与试件表面灰度值线性拟合

Fig.5 Linear fitting between formwork surface Ra value and gray value of specimen surface

图6 模板表面Ra值对试件表面灰度标准偏差值的影响

Fig.6 Influence of formwork surface Ra value on gray level standard deviation value of specimen surface

图7 混凝土XRD谱

Fig.7 XRD patterns of concrete

图8 A0和A1试件的SEM照片

Fig.8 SEM images of A0 and A1 specimens

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