硅酸盐通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (3): 974-993.DOI: 10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1145
黄永刚1,2,3(
), 李莞林1,2, 石攀1,4, 焦朋1, 独雅婕1, 王云1, 付杨1, 褚淼1, 张洋1,5, 贾金升1,2,3
收稿日期:2025-11-17
修订日期:2025-12-25
出版日期:2026-03-20
发布日期:2026-04-10
作者简介:黄永刚(1975—),男,博士,教授。主要从事光纤传像材料及其元器件的研究。E-mail:huangyonggang@cbma.com.cn
基金资助:
HUANG Yonggang1,2,3(
), LI Guanlin1,2, SHI Pan1,4, JIAO Peng1, DU Yajie1, WANG Yun1, FU Yang1, CHU Miao1, ZHANG Yang1,5, JIA Jinsheng1,2,3
Received:2025-11-17
Revised:2025-12-25
Published:2026-03-20
Online:2026-04-10
摘要:
玻璃着色是光与无序网络相互作用的结果,受成分、价态、局域结构、纳米相及缺陷态多尺度耦合控制。本文在梳理传统经验分类的基础上,系统归纳离子、分子、胶体、色心及结晶等主要着色机制,阐明玻璃基体酸碱性、氧化还原条件与微观结构对吸收峰位置和色度的调控规律;从光场、热场、电化学场及高能辐照四类外场出发,讨论曝光感光过程、电致变色、热诱导纳米晶与胶体、辐照色心演化等过程的时程特征与可逆性;结合透镜表层黑化、光纤传像吸收层制备、滤光与彩色光学玻璃选型等案例,分析色度均匀性、高温辐照稳定性等工程瓶颈。最后本文展望了着色玻璃的演进方向:结合机器学习与大数据进行配方与工艺的快速反演设计;加强与超表面制造、半导体量子点等技术的交叉融合,使着色玻璃从单一显色材料转变为光学调控、显示与感知一体化的多功能智能载体。
中图分类号:
黄永刚, 李莞林, 石攀, 焦朋, 独雅婕, 王云, 付杨, 褚淼, 张洋, 贾金升. 玻璃着色机理及其在光学元件中的应用[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2026, 45(3): 974-993.
HUANG Yonggang, LI Guanlin, SHI Pan, JIAO Peng, DU Yajie, WANG Yun, FU Yang, CHU Miao, ZHANG Yang, JIA Jinsheng. Mechanism of Glass Coloration and Its Application in Optical Elements[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(3): 974-993.
| Ion | Ion valence | Ion color | Coloring mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | Fe2+ | Bluish-green | d-d transition, absorbs red and infrared light, transmits bluish-green light[ |
| Fe3+ | Yellow/brown | Charge transfer transition, absorbs blue light, transmits yellow light[ | |
| Co | Co2+ | Deep blue | d-d transition, deep blue in tetrahedral coordination, purple/pink in octahedral coordination[ |
| Ni | Ni2+ | Brown/purple/gray | Broadband d-d absorption, covers blue, red, and green light, low transmittance, color depends on coordination and concentration[ |
| Cu | Cu2+ | Bluish-green | d-d transition, absorbs red light, transmits bluish-green light[ |
| Cu+ | Red (in specific matrices) | Depends on coordination and composition (in halogen-containing glasses), transmits red light[ | |
| Mn | Mn2+ | Pale color/colorless | d-d transition is weak, only shows pale color[ |
| Mn3+ | Purple | Absorbs green light, transmits red light[ | |
| Cr | Cr3+ | Green | d-d transition, absorbs blue and red light, transmits green light[ |
| Cr6+ | Yellow | Charge transfer transition, absorbs blue light, transmits yellow light[ | |
| V | V3+ | Green | Similar to Cr3+ d-d absorption, absorbs blue and red light, transmits green light[ |
| V5+ | Yellow | Typical charge transfer transition, absorbs blue light, transmits yellow light[ | |
| Nd | Nd3+ | Pale purple/pinkish-purple | Typical f-f transition, laser glass active ion, absorbs specific visible light[ |
| Pr | Pr3+ | Green/yellowish-green | f-f transition with charge transfer, used in laser and luminescent materials[ |
| Er | Er3+ | Pinkish-red | Absorbs blue-green light, transmits red light[ |
| Ho | Ho3+ | Yellow/yellowish-orange | Absorbs blue-green light, transmits orange light[ |
| Ce | Ce3+ | Colorless/pale yellow | Mainly absorbs UV light, weak visible absorption, pale color[ |
| Dy | Dy3+ | Yellowish-white(fluorescent) | f-f transition, emits blue light (479 nm) and green light (574 nm) under UV excitation[ |
| Tm | Tm3+ | Blue | Co-doped with Yb3+, upconverts near-infrared light to blue emission[ |
| Yb | Yb3+ | Colorless | Sensitizer, transfers energy to other rare earth ions[ |
表1 常见可变价离子的典型颜色和主要吸收机理[9,45-49]
Table 1 Typical colors and main absorption mechanisms of common variable-valence ions[9,45-49]
| Ion | Ion valence | Ion color | Coloring mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | Fe2+ | Bluish-green | d-d transition, absorbs red and infrared light, transmits bluish-green light[ |
| Fe3+ | Yellow/brown | Charge transfer transition, absorbs blue light, transmits yellow light[ | |
| Co | Co2+ | Deep blue | d-d transition, deep blue in tetrahedral coordination, purple/pink in octahedral coordination[ |
| Ni | Ni2+ | Brown/purple/gray | Broadband d-d absorption, covers blue, red, and green light, low transmittance, color depends on coordination and concentration[ |
| Cu | Cu2+ | Bluish-green | d-d transition, absorbs red light, transmits bluish-green light[ |
| Cu+ | Red (in specific matrices) | Depends on coordination and composition (in halogen-containing glasses), transmits red light[ | |
| Mn | Mn2+ | Pale color/colorless | d-d transition is weak, only shows pale color[ |
| Mn3+ | Purple | Absorbs green light, transmits red light[ | |
| Cr | Cr3+ | Green | d-d transition, absorbs blue and red light, transmits green light[ |
| Cr6+ | Yellow | Charge transfer transition, absorbs blue light, transmits yellow light[ | |
| V | V3+ | Green | Similar to Cr3+ d-d absorption, absorbs blue and red light, transmits green light[ |
| V5+ | Yellow | Typical charge transfer transition, absorbs blue light, transmits yellow light[ | |
| Nd | Nd3+ | Pale purple/pinkish-purple | Typical f-f transition, laser glass active ion, absorbs specific visible light[ |
| Pr | Pr3+ | Green/yellowish-green | f-f transition with charge transfer, used in laser and luminescent materials[ |
| Er | Er3+ | Pinkish-red | Absorbs blue-green light, transmits red light[ |
| Ho | Ho3+ | Yellow/yellowish-orange | Absorbs blue-green light, transmits orange light[ |
| Ce | Ce3+ | Colorless/pale yellow | Mainly absorbs UV light, weak visible absorption, pale color[ |
| Dy | Dy3+ | Yellowish-white(fluorescent) | f-f transition, emits blue light (479 nm) and green light (574 nm) under UV excitation[ |
| Tm | Tm3+ | Blue | Co-doped with Yb3+, upconverts near-infrared light to blue emission[ |
| Yb | Yb3+ | Colorless | Sensitizer, transfers energy to other rare earth ions[ |
| Molecule | Valence/composition | Ion color | Coloration mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|
| S | S2- | Yellow | Semiconductor band absorption, absorbs blue light, transmits yellow light[ |
| Se | Se2- | Red/orange | Semiconductor band absorption, absorbs blue-green light, transmits red light[ |
| Te | Te2- | Brown/black | Semiconductor band absorption, broad visible light absorption[ |
| CdS | Nanocrystal | Yellow | Semiconductor band absorption, red shift with increasing particle size[ |
| CdSe | Nanocrystal | Red | Semiconductor band absorption, significant quantum dot size effect[ |
| Fluorescein | Molecule | Yellow-green fluorescence | Fluorescence emission, absorbs blue-green light, emits green light (515 nm)[ |
| Phthalocyanine compounds | Molecule | Blue/green | π-π* conjugated absorption of visible light, used in optical filters[ |
| Spiropyran | Molecule | Colorless→blue | Photochromism, UV excitation triggers visible light absorption (500~600 nm)[ |
| Azodyes | Molecule | Yellow/red | π-π* stacking absorption of visible light, color tunable via molecular structure adjustment[ |
表2 常见的分子着色[54-60]
Table 2 Common molecular coloration[54-60]
| Molecule | Valence/composition | Ion color | Coloration mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|
| S | S2- | Yellow | Semiconductor band absorption, absorbs blue light, transmits yellow light[ |
| Se | Se2- | Red/orange | Semiconductor band absorption, absorbs blue-green light, transmits red light[ |
| Te | Te2- | Brown/black | Semiconductor band absorption, broad visible light absorption[ |
| CdS | Nanocrystal | Yellow | Semiconductor band absorption, red shift with increasing particle size[ |
| CdSe | Nanocrystal | Red | Semiconductor band absorption, significant quantum dot size effect[ |
| Fluorescein | Molecule | Yellow-green fluorescence | Fluorescence emission, absorbs blue-green light, emits green light (515 nm)[ |
| Phthalocyanine compounds | Molecule | Blue/green | π-π* conjugated absorption of visible light, used in optical filters[ |
| Spiropyran | Molecule | Colorless→blue | Photochromism, UV excitation triggers visible light absorption (500~600 nm)[ |
| Azodyes | Molecule | Yellow/red | π-π* stacking absorption of visible light, color tunable via molecular structure adjustment[ |
| Ion | State | Color | Coloring mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|
| Au | Colloidal particles | Ruby red/purple-red | SPR, particle size affects color: <20 nm (red), >50 nm (purple)[ |
| Ag | Colloidal particles | Yellow/orange | SPR, prone to oxidation in air[ |
| Cu | Colloidal particles | Red/purple-red | SPR, requires protective heat treatment to prevent oxidation[ |
| Pt | Colloidal particles | Blue-gray | SPR, requires high-temperature melting[ |
| Pb | Colloidal particles | Grayish-black | SPR, strong visible light absorption at high concentrations, black appearance[ |
| Bi | Colloidal particles | Dark gray to black | SPR: <20 nm colloids strongly absorb blue light; >30 nm colloids enhance green and red absorption, resulting in broad absorption and black color[ |
表3 常见的金属胶体颜色及着色机制[63-69]
Table 3 Common colors of metal colloids and their coloration mechanisms[63-69]
| Ion | State | Color | Coloring mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|
| Au | Colloidal particles | Ruby red/purple-red | SPR, particle size affects color: <20 nm (red), >50 nm (purple)[ |
| Ag | Colloidal particles | Yellow/orange | SPR, prone to oxidation in air[ |
| Cu | Colloidal particles | Red/purple-red | SPR, requires protective heat treatment to prevent oxidation[ |
| Pt | Colloidal particles | Blue-gray | SPR, requires high-temperature melting[ |
| Pb | Colloidal particles | Grayish-black | SPR, strong visible light absorption at high concentrations, black appearance[ |
| Bi | Colloidal particles | Dark gray to black | SPR: <20 nm colloids strongly absorb blue light; >30 nm colloids enhance green and red absorption, resulting in broad absorption and black color[ |
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