玻璃光学元件精密模压发展现状

doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1140

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为适应现代光学系统对非球面光学元件大批量、低成本、高精度的制造要求，精密模压成型技术已成为实现该类光学元件快速制造的重要工艺路径。本文系统梳理了玻璃光学元件精密模压成型技术的发展现状，重点阐释了其基于黏弹性变形的成型机理与工艺流程，分析了适用于描述玻璃高温力学行为的黏弹性本构模型及其时温等效特性。同时，本文深入探讨了有限元仿真在模压工艺优化中的应用，包括加热时间、模压温度、模压速度等关键参数的模拟分析，以及冷却过程中残余应力、折射率分布与面形收缩的预测与控制方法。最后，对精密模压成型技术在模具材料、仿真建模与工艺控制等方面的未来发展趋势进行了展望。

关键词: 非球面光学元件, 精密模压, 黏弹性本构模型, 有限元仿真, 工艺优化, 残余应力

Abstract:

To meet the manufacturing requirements of high volume， low cost， and high precision for aspheric optical components in modern optical systems， precision molding forming technology has become an important process route for the rapid fabrication of such optical components. This paper systematically reviews the development status of precision molding forming technology for glass optical components， focuses on elaborating the forming mechanism based on viscoelastic deformation and the corresponding technological process， and analyzes the viscoelastic constitutive models applicable to describing the high-temperature mechanical behavior of glass and their time-temperature equivalence characteristics. Meanwhile， this paper deeply discusses the application of finite element simulation in the optimization of precision molding forming processes， including the simulation analysis of key process parameters such as heating time， forming temperature and forming speed， as well as the prediction and control methods for residual stress， refractive index distribution and surface shrinkage during the cooling process. Finally， this paper prospects for the future development trends of precision molding forming technology in terms of mold materials， simulation modeling and process control.

Key words: aspherical optical component, precision molding, viscoelastic constitutive model, finite element simulation, process optimization, residual stress

中图分类号:

TN213

张宝东, 赵华, 刘永华, 韩滨, 何坤, 马仕月, 韩彤钰, 陈倩, 杨曦, 陈昊然, 祖成奎. 玻璃光学元件精密模压发展现状[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2026, 45(3): 1062-1073.

ZHANG Baodong, ZHAO Hua, LIU Yonghua, HAN Bin, HE Kun, MA Shiyue, HAN Tongyu, CHEN Qian, YANG Xi, CHEN Haoran, ZU Chengkui. Development Status of Precision Molding of Glass Optical Components[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(3): 1062-1073.

图/表 11

图1 玻璃精密模压成型工艺过程［14］

Fig.1 Process of glass precision molding forming［14］

表1 典型光学玻璃建议的模压操作黏度范围

Table 1 Typical recommended viscosity range for molding operations of optical glass

Glass system	Typical type	Molding viscosity/（Pa·s）
Borosilicate glass	P-SK57	10⁸~10¹⁰
Lanthanum-based glass	P-LASF47	10⁷~10⁹
Chalcogenide glass	As₄₀Se₆₀	10⁷~10⁹

图2 玻璃毛坯三点的温度历程图［46］

Fig.2 Temperature history diagram of three points of glass blank［46］

图3 不同模压温度下的等效应力分布［47］

Fig.3 Equivalent stress distributions under different molding temperatures［47］

图4 不同模压速度下非球面透镜内残余应力分布［48］

Fig.4 Residual stress distribution in aspheric lens at different molding velocities［48］

表2 不同模压速度的最大残余应力［48］

Table 2 Maximum residual stress at different molding velocities［48］

Molding velocity/（mm·s^-1）	Maximum residual stress/MPa
0.02	0.114 6
0.05	0.157 0
0.08	0.296 7

图5 不同模压速度下仿真结果的全局图及局部放大图［49］

Fig.5 Global graphs and local enlarged graphs of simulation results under different molding velocities［49］

图6 透镜不同点处内应力及热膨胀系数随时间的变化情况［55］

Fig.6 Variation of internal stress and thermal expansion coefficient at different points of lens with time［55］

图7 冷却过程不同阶段成型透镜内部的等效应力分布［59］

Fig.7 Equivalent stress distribution inside molded lens at different stages of cooling process［59］

图8 以不同速率冷却的P-SK57玻璃圆柱体和P-LASF47玻璃圆柱体的折射率变化分布［60］

Fig.8 Refractive index variation distributions of P-SK57 and P-LASF47 glass cylinders cooled at different rates［60］

图9 模具补偿设计原理［62］

Fig.9 Principle of mold compensation design［62］

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