硅酸盐通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (5): 1693-1708.DOI: 10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1026
田淑梅1(
), 罗皓文2, 汪洪星2(
), 阮俊浩2, 赵田甜3, 张笑一2, 巫尚蔚2
收稿日期:2025-10-22
修订日期:2025-12-23
出版日期:2026-05-15
发布日期:2026-06-10
通信作者:
汪洪星,博士,副教授。E-mail:2021078@cqust.edu.cn作者简介:田淑梅(1987—),女,讲师。主要从事固体废弃物资源化利用等方面的研究。E-mail:442639066@qq.com
基金资助:
TIAN Shumei1(
), LUO Haowen2, WANG Hongxing2(
), RUAN Junhao2, ZHAO Tiantian3, ZHANG Xiaoyi2, WU Shangwei2
Received:2025-10-22
Revised:2025-12-23
Published:2026-05-15
Online:2026-06-10
摘要:
赤泥的资源化利用长期受限于高pH值特性。本文反向利用赤泥的强碱性化学环境,借助粉煤灰、矿渣等固废的地聚合反应潜力和纳米材料的填充分散功能,提出了一种基于固废协同固化和纳米材料复配优化的赤泥固化技术;设计了针对固废协同固化及纳米材料复配优化的正交力学试验,结合方差分析和极差分析,确定了赤泥固化最优配比方案;对典型配比试样进行扫描电子显微镜分析和X射线衍射分析,辅以微观孔隙结构分析,揭示了赤泥固化机理。结果表明,赤泥固化的最优配比为m(偏高岭土)∶m(粉煤灰)∶m(矿渣)∶m(氯化钙)∶m(硅酸钠)∶m(纳米二氧化硅)∶m(纳米氧化铝)∶m(碳纳米管)=20.00%∶25.81%∶12.90%∶7.74%∶7.74%∶23.46%∶1.16%∶1.16%。所有试样均检测到了地聚合反应和水化水解反应的产物。通过纳米材料的硅铝比调控,可提高硅铝物质的溶出度和化学反应充分度,对大于1.0 μm的狭长孔隙进行更好填充,优化固化赤泥的微观结构,从而提供强度保障。该技术实现了赤泥80%(质量分数)的高掺量固化,为大宗固废资源化利用提供了新思路。
中图分类号:
田淑梅, 罗皓文, 汪洪星, 阮俊浩, 赵田甜, 张笑一, 巫尚蔚. 基于地聚合反应和纳米材料复配优化的赤泥固化研究[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2026, 45(5): 1693-1708.
TIAN Shumei, LUO Haowen, WANG Hongxing, RUAN Junhao, ZHAO Tiantian, ZHANG Xiaoyi, WU Shangwei. Solidification of Red Mud Based on Geopolymerization and Nanomaterial Composite Optimization[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(5): 1693-1708.
| Category of characteristic | Characteristic name | Scope of indicator |
|---|---|---|
| Physical characteristic | Particle diameter/mm | 0.088~0.25 |
| Specific gravity/(g·cm-3) | 2.7~2.9 | |
| Bulk density/(g·cm-3) | 0.8~1.0 | |
| Dry density/(g·cm-3) | 1.0~1.5 | |
| Wet density/(g·cm-3) | 1.5~2.0 | |
| Liquid limit/% | 40~80 | |
| Plastic limit/% | 20~40 | |
| Index of plasticity | 20~60 | |
| Melting point/℃ | 1 200~1 250 | |
| Mechanical property | Osmotic coefficient/(cm·s-1) | 1×10-7~1×10-9 |
| Coefficient of compressibility a1-2/MPa-1 | 0.2~0.5 | |
| Internal friction angle φ | 15°~30° | |
| Cohesive strength c/kPa | 10~50 | |
| Natural state bearing capacity/kPa | 50~100 |
表1 RM的基本物理力学指标
Table 1 Basic physical and mechanical indicators of RM
| Category of characteristic | Characteristic name | Scope of indicator |
|---|---|---|
| Physical characteristic | Particle diameter/mm | 0.088~0.25 |
| Specific gravity/(g·cm-3) | 2.7~2.9 | |
| Bulk density/(g·cm-3) | 0.8~1.0 | |
| Dry density/(g·cm-3) | 1.0~1.5 | |
| Wet density/(g·cm-3) | 1.5~2.0 | |
| Liquid limit/% | 40~80 | |
| Plastic limit/% | 20~40 | |
| Index of plasticity | 20~60 | |
| Melting point/℃ | 1 200~1 250 | |
| Mechanical property | Osmotic coefficient/(cm·s-1) | 1×10-7~1×10-9 |
| Coefficient of compressibility a1-2/MPa-1 | 0.2~0.5 | |
| Internal friction angle φ | 15°~30° | |
| Cohesive strength c/kPa | 10~50 | |
| Natural state bearing capacity/kPa | 50~100 |
| Material | Mass fraction/% | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | TiO2 | CaO | MgO | K2O | Na2O | SO3 | Other | |
| MK | 55.06 | 43.02 | 0.76 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.55 | 0.06 | — | — |
| FA | 45.10 | 24.20 | 3.90 | — | 1.60 | 2.10 | — | — | 1.60 | — |
| MWR | 34.36 | 16.89 | 0.36 | — | 38.13 | 6.23 | 0.41 | 0.24 | 1.08 | 1.08 |
| RM | 20.92 | 26.26 | 5.43 | 3.17 | 18.31 | — | — | 6.36 | — | 19.55 |
表2 原材料的主要化学成分
Table 2 Main chemical composition of raw materials
| Material | Mass fraction/% | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | TiO2 | CaO | MgO | K2O | Na2O | SO3 | Other | |
| MK | 55.06 | 43.02 | 0.76 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.55 | 0.06 | — | — |
| FA | 45.10 | 24.20 | 3.90 | — | 1.60 | 2.10 | — | — | 1.60 | — |
| MWR | 34.36 | 16.89 | 0.36 | — | 38.13 | 6.23 | 0.41 | 0.24 | 1.08 | 1.08 |
| RM | 20.92 | 26.26 | 5.43 | 3.17 | 18.31 | — | — | 6.36 | — | 19.55 |
| Parameter | Nano-SiO2 | Nano-Al2O3 | CNT |
|---|---|---|---|
| Average grain diameter/nm | 10~20 | 20 | 10~20 |
| Purity/% | 99.80 | 99.99 | 99.50 |
| Specific area/(m2·g-1) | 240 | 120~150 | 225±25 |
| Bulk density/(g·cm-3) | 0.06~0.14 | 0.05~0.50 | 0.01~0.10 |
| Crystal form | Amorphism | Gamma | Honeycomb lattice |
| Appearance | White powder | White powder | Black powder |
| pH value | 3.5~7.0 | 6.0~8.0 | 6.5~7.5 |
| Fiber length/µm | 5~15 |
表3 纳米材料的技术参数
Table 3 Technical parameters of nanomaterials
| Parameter | Nano-SiO2 | Nano-Al2O3 | CNT |
|---|---|---|---|
| Average grain diameter/nm | 10~20 | 20 | 10~20 |
| Purity/% | 99.80 | 99.99 | 99.50 |
| Specific area/(m2·g-1) | 240 | 120~150 | 225±25 |
| Bulk density/(g·cm-3) | 0.06~0.14 | 0.05~0.50 | 0.01~0.10 |
| Crystal form | Amorphism | Gamma | Honeycomb lattice |
| Appearance | White powder | White powder | Black powder |
| pH value | 3.5~7.0 | 6.0~8.0 | 6.5~7.5 |
| Fiber length/µm | 5~15 |
| Material | Functioning characteristic | Value range/% | Orthogonal test value level (mass fraction)/% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RM | Main object to solidify | 80(fixed value) | |||||
| MK | Provide SiO2 and Al2O3 to ensure the lower limit of intensity | Curing agent 20 (fixed value) | |||||
| FA | Supplement SiO2 and Al2O3, commonly used auxiliary curing materials | 5~20[ | 5 | 7.5 | 10 | 15 | 20 |
| MWR | Functionally similar to FA, but rich in CaO | 0~20[ | 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 |
| CC | Rich in calcium material, regulate alkalinity, improve curing effect | 0~15[ | 0 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 15 |
| SS | Form a complex alkali activator with sodium hydroxide in RM to improve dissolution rate of active ingredients | 0~15[ | 0 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 15 |
| Nanophase material | Optimize nano-porous structure and improve performance | 1~10[ | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 |
表4 固化材料取值范围和取值水平
Table 4 Curing material value range and value level
| Material | Functioning characteristic | Value range/% | Orthogonal test value level (mass fraction)/% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RM | Main object to solidify | 80(fixed value) | |||||
| MK | Provide SiO2 and Al2O3 to ensure the lower limit of intensity | Curing agent 20 (fixed value) | |||||
| FA | Supplement SiO2 and Al2O3, commonly used auxiliary curing materials | 5~20[ | 5 | 7.5 | 10 | 15 | 20 |
| MWR | Functionally similar to FA, but rich in CaO | 0~20[ | 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 |
| CC | Rich in calcium material, regulate alkalinity, improve curing effect | 0~15[ | 0 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 15 |
| SS | Form a complex alkali activator with sodium hydroxide in RM to improve dissolution rate of active ingredients | 0~15[ | 0 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 15 |
| Nanophase material | Optimize nano-porous structure and improve performance | 1~10[ | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 |
| Variable | Representation | Implication |
|---|---|---|
Difference between average of test results at each value level and average of all test results | ||
| ... | ……. | Other levels of value |
| Range |
表5 极差分析方法
Table 5 Range analysis method
| Variable | Representation | Implication |
|---|---|---|
Difference between average of test results at each value level and average of all test results | ||
| ... | ……. | Other levels of value |
| Range |
| Method | Abbreviation | Total | Factor | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variance | SS' | |||
| Degree of freedom | DOF | |||
| Mean square departure | MSD | |||
| F value | F |
表6 方差分析方法
Table 6 Variance analysis method
| Method | Abbreviation | Total | Factor | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variance | SS' | |||
| Degree of freedom | DOF | |||
| Mean square departure | MSD | |||
| F value | F |
| Material | Sum of deviations squared | Degree of freedom | F value | Sensitivity sequencing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FA | 0.253 | 4 | 5.606 | 5 |
| MWR | 0.391 | 4 | 8.663 | 4 |
| CC | 0.409 | 4 | 9.066 | 3 |
| SS | 0.539 | 4 | 11.931 | 1 |
| Nano-SiO2 | 0.488 | 4 | 10.811 | 2 |
表7 SWC-SRM的方差分析
Table 7 Variance analysis of SWC-SRM
| Material | Sum of deviations squared | Degree of freedom | F value | Sensitivity sequencing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FA | 0.253 | 4 | 5.606 | 5 |
| MWR | 0.391 | 4 | 8.663 | 4 |
| CC | 0.409 | 4 | 9.066 | 3 |
| SS | 0.539 | 4 | 11.931 | 1 |
| Nano-SiO2 | 0.488 | 4 | 10.811 | 2 |
| Index | Level | FA | MWR | CC | SS | Nano-SiO2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K value | 1 | 2.80 | 2.80 | 2.83 | 2.89 | 2.66 |
| 2 | 2.79 | 2.92 | 2.95 | 2.89 | 2.56 | |
| 3 | 2.93 | 2.54 | 2.83 | 2.82 | 2.86 | |
| 4 | 2.70 | 2.79 | 2.64 | 2.50 | 2.83 | |
| 5 | 2.63 | 2.81 | 2.60 | 2.75 | 2.95 | |
| Best level | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | |
| Extreme deviations R | 0.30 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.38 | |
| Sensitivity ranges from large to small | SS, nano-SiO2, MWR, CC, FA | |||||
表8 SWC-SRM的极差分析
Table 8 Range analysis of SWC-SRM
| Index | Level | FA | MWR | CC | SS | Nano-SiO2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K value | 1 | 2.80 | 2.80 | 2.83 | 2.89 | 2.66 |
| 2 | 2.79 | 2.92 | 2.95 | 2.89 | 2.56 | |
| 3 | 2.93 | 2.54 | 2.83 | 2.82 | 2.86 | |
| 4 | 2.70 | 2.79 | 2.64 | 2.50 | 2.83 | |
| 5 | 2.63 | 2.81 | 2.60 | 2.75 | 2.95 | |
| Best level | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | |
| Extreme deviations R | 0.30 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.38 | |
| Sensitivity ranges from large to small | SS, nano-SiO2, MWR, CC, FA | |||||
| Material | Sum of deviations squared | Degree of freedom | F value | Ranking of impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nano-SiO2 | 4.652 | 4 | 1.163 | 1 |
| Nano-Al2O3 | 1.286 | 4 | 0.322 | 3 |
| CNT | 2.686 | 4 | 0.672 | 2 |
表9 NC-SRM的方差分析
Table 9 Variance analysis of NC-SRM
| Material | Sum of deviations squared | Degree of freedom | F value | Ranking of impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nano-SiO2 | 4.652 | 4 | 1.163 | 1 |
| Nano-Al2O3 | 1.286 | 4 | 0.322 | 3 |
| CNT | 2.686 | 4 | 0.672 | 2 |
| Index | Level | Nano-SiO2 | Nano-Al2O3 | CNT |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| K value | 1 | 3.453 | 4.213 | 4.513 |
| 2 | 3.467 | 3.527 | 4.113 | |
| 3 | 4.260 | 3.987 | 3.740 | |
| 4 | 4.027 | 4.020 | 3.773 | |
| 5 | 4.540 | 4.000 | 3.607 | |
| Best level | 5 | 1 | 1 | |
| Extreme deviations R | 1.087 | 0.687 | 0.907 | |
| Sensitivity ranges from large to small | Nano-SiO2, CNT, nano-Al2O3 | |||
表10 NC-SRM的极差分析
Table 10 Range analysis of NC-SRM
| Index | Level | Nano-SiO2 | Nano-Al2O3 | CNT |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| K value | 1 | 3.453 | 4.213 | 4.513 |
| 2 | 3.467 | 3.527 | 4.113 | |
| 3 | 4.260 | 3.987 | 3.740 | |
| 4 | 4.027 | 4.020 | 3.773 | |
| 5 | 4.540 | 4.000 | 3.607 | |
| Best level | 5 | 1 | 1 | |
| Extreme deviations R | 1.087 | 0.687 | 0.907 | |
| Sensitivity ranges from large to small | Nano-SiO2, CNT, nano-Al2O3 | |||
| Sample | Total pore area/μm2 | Average pore area/μm2 | Porosity/% | Average pore perimeter/μm | Mean pore size/μm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N7 | 33.39 | 0.242 | 9.873 | 2.60 | 0.874 |
| N8 | 20.83 | 0.495 | 6.169 | 3.23 | 1.041 |
| N24 | 11.37 | 0.162 | 3.332 | 1.83 | 0.679 |
表11 SRM的孔隙结构参数
Table 11 Pore structure parameters of SRM
| Sample | Total pore area/μm2 | Average pore area/μm2 | Porosity/% | Average pore perimeter/μm | Mean pore size/μm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N7 | 33.39 | 0.242 | 9.873 | 2.60 | 0.874 |
| N8 | 20.83 | 0.495 | 6.169 | 3.23 | 1.041 |
| N24 | 11.37 | 0.162 | 3.332 | 1.83 | 0.679 |
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