硅酸盐通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (4): 1408-1422.DOI: 10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0904
霍明达1,2,3(
), 杨洋1, 曲灏洋2,3, 任俊波2,3, 孙晓红2,3(
), 肖凯业1
收稿日期:2025-09-08
修订日期:2025-09-29
出版日期:2026-04-20
发布日期:2026-05-14
通信作者:
孙晓红,博士,教授。E-mail:sunxh@tju.edu.cn作者简介:霍明达(1998—),男,博士研究生。主要从事超疏水涂层的应用研究及粒径均一氧化铝粉体制备。E-mail:mdhuo@tju.edu.cn
基金资助:
HUO Mingda1,2,3(
), YANG Yang1, QU Haoyang2,3, REN Junbo2,3, SUN Xiaohong2,3(
), XIAO Kaiye1
Received:2025-09-08
Revised:2025-09-29
Published:2026-04-20
Online:2026-05-14
摘要:
超疏水涂层是一种新型功能材料,能有效阻止液体渗透,在防结冰、金属防腐、油水分离、降低流体阻力、防污自清洁及抗菌等多个领域应用广泛,为各行业难题提供了有效解决方案。本文综述了超疏水涂层的定义、设计原理、先进制备工艺及其在多领域的应用,分析了其在机械稳定性、环境耐受性及制备过程中面临的问题,并提出了针对性的解决方法。同时,对超疏水涂层未来的发展趋势进行展望,为新一代超疏水材料的研发提供理论支持。
中图分类号:
霍明达, 杨洋, 曲灏洋, 任俊波, 孙晓红, 肖凯业. 超疏水涂层材料的研究进展:从设计原理到应用[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2026, 45(4): 1408-1422.
HUO Mingda, YANG Yang, QU Haoyang, REN Junbo, SUN Xiaohong, XIAO Kaiye. Research Progress on Superhydrophobic Coatings Materials: from Design Principles to Applications[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(4): 1408-1422.
图2 接触角、疏水表面、超疏水表面和Cassie-Baxter模型示意图[10]
Fig.2 Schematic diagram of contact angle, hydrophobic surface, superhydrophobic surface and Cassie-Baxter model[10]
图4 不同PTFE沉积时间试样的SEM照片、分层表面结构示意图及接触角[13]
Fig.4 SEM image of sample with different PTFE deposition time, schematic diagram of layered surface structure, and contact angle[13]
| 制备方法 | 技术特点 | 适用基底 | 优点 | 缺点 | 主要适用场景 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 溶胶凝胶法 | 液相反应,成膜均匀,可通过前驱体调控结构 | 非金属、金属、常规基板 | 工艺简单、成膜均匀、成本低、便于大面积和复杂形状涂覆 | 凝胶过程可能产生裂纹,机械强度通常较弱,干燥收缩可能影响结构 | 抗反射涂层、透明自清洁表面、防结霜涂层 |
| 刻蚀法 | 物理或化学方式在表面构建微纳结构 | 金属 | 可精准制造微纳结构,超疏水性优异 | 工艺参数控制要求高,设备昂贵,难以大面积制备 | 金属防腐、抗结冰、自清洁、集水表面 |
| 化学气相沉积法 | 气-固反应,可在复杂表面均匀成膜 | 复杂形状基底、纤维、多孔材料(如木炭) | 成膜质量高、均匀性好、环保、适合复杂三维结构涂覆 | 通常需要真空或特定气氛,设备投资大 | 光学元件、功能织物、油水分离材料、光催化自清洁表面 |
| 等离子喷涂法 | 高温粒子撞击形成微纳复合结构 | 金属等耐高温基底 | 沉积快、涂层结合力强、易于工业化大规模生产,可形成坚固的微/亚微米分级结构 | 工艺温度高,仅适用于耐热基底 | 航空、能源等工业领域的防冰、防腐涂层 |
| 静电纺丝法 | 电场作用下形成微纳米纤维网络 | 聚合物纤维、金属箔片 | 可制备高比表面积的三维纳米纤维膜,孔隙率可控,工艺相对灵活 | 机械强度可能不足,大规模生产时产量和均匀性面临挑战 | 过滤材料、药物缓释载体、柔性防水织物 |
| 模板法 | 通过模板复制微结构,结构规整 | 特定结构基底(如铜网) | 可实现结构的高度可控和重复性,制备效率高,工艺稳定性好 | 严重受限于模板的尺寸和结构,难以制备大尺寸或非平面样品 | 制备具有特定图案的微结构表面,用于选择性润湿、油水分离 |
表1 超疏水涂层主要制备技术对比
Table 1 Comparison of key preparation techniques for superhydrophobic coatings
| 制备方法 | 技术特点 | 适用基底 | 优点 | 缺点 | 主要适用场景 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 溶胶凝胶法 | 液相反应,成膜均匀,可通过前驱体调控结构 | 非金属、金属、常规基板 | 工艺简单、成膜均匀、成本低、便于大面积和复杂形状涂覆 | 凝胶过程可能产生裂纹,机械强度通常较弱,干燥收缩可能影响结构 | 抗反射涂层、透明自清洁表面、防结霜涂层 |
| 刻蚀法 | 物理或化学方式在表面构建微纳结构 | 金属 | 可精准制造微纳结构,超疏水性优异 | 工艺参数控制要求高,设备昂贵,难以大面积制备 | 金属防腐、抗结冰、自清洁、集水表面 |
| 化学气相沉积法 | 气-固反应,可在复杂表面均匀成膜 | 复杂形状基底、纤维、多孔材料(如木炭) | 成膜质量高、均匀性好、环保、适合复杂三维结构涂覆 | 通常需要真空或特定气氛,设备投资大 | 光学元件、功能织物、油水分离材料、光催化自清洁表面 |
| 等离子喷涂法 | 高温粒子撞击形成微纳复合结构 | 金属等耐高温基底 | 沉积快、涂层结合力强、易于工业化大规模生产,可形成坚固的微/亚微米分级结构 | 工艺温度高,仅适用于耐热基底 | 航空、能源等工业领域的防冰、防腐涂层 |
| 静电纺丝法 | 电场作用下形成微纳米纤维网络 | 聚合物纤维、金属箔片 | 可制备高比表面积的三维纳米纤维膜,孔隙率可控,工艺相对灵活 | 机械强度可能不足,大规模生产时产量和均匀性面临挑战 | 过滤材料、药物缓释载体、柔性防水织物 |
| 模板法 | 通过模板复制微结构,结构规整 | 特定结构基底(如铜网) | 可实现结构的高度可控和重复性,制备效率高,工艺稳定性好 | 严重受限于模板的尺寸和结构,难以制备大尺寸或非平面样品 | 制备具有特定图案的微结构表面,用于选择性润湿、油水分离 |
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