Shrinkage Compensation Mechanism and Properties of Dense-Skeleton Cement-Stabilized Crushed Stone-Steel Slag Mixture

doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1016

Abstract

Abstract:

To elucidate the shrinkage compensation mechanism of cement-stabilized crushed stone-steel slag， this study investigated the unconfined compressive strength， compressive resilience modulus， tensile splitting strength， and bending strength of dense-skeleton cement-stabilized crushed stone-steel slag with varying steel slag and cement content. Based on the expansion characteristics of steel slag and utilizing XRD and SEM techniques， the dry shrinkage strain， thermal shrinkage coefficient， and total shrinkage rate were evaluated. Additionally， the frost resistance， erosion resistance， and fatigue resistance of the mixtures were assessed. The results indicate that as the steel slag content increases， the mechanical properties of the cement-stabilized crushed stone-steel slag material increase. And the dry shrinkage strain of the materials with 20% and 40% （volume fraction） steel slag content decreases by 8.9% and 16.7%， respectively， but the temperature shrinkage coefficient increases by 2.6% and 6.4%. Nevertheless， steel slag incorporation generally contributes to reducing the total shrinkage rate of the material by 19.2% and 26.6%， respectively. The hydration of free calcium oxide in steel slag is the primary cause of volume expansion and its ability to compensate for the shrinkage of cement-stabilized crushed stone materials. The durability of the materials is enhanced by the incorporation of steel slag， with residual strengths after 6 freeze-thaw cycles increasing by 2.0% and 3.8% at 20% and 40% slag content， respectively， mass loss rates after 300 cycles of erosion decreasing by 22.2% and 38.2%， respectively， while fatigue life at a stress level of 0.80 improving by 88.32% and 230.00%， respectively. Furthermore， cement content significantly impacts the road performance characteristics of cement-stabilized crushed stone-steel slag materials. Increasing cement content markedly enhances the mechanical properties and durability of the material but adversely affects its shrinkage crack resistance.

Key words: steel slag, cement-stabilized crushed stone-steel slag, shrinkage compensation, mechanical property, durability, mechanism analysis

CLC Number:

U414

LI You, WANG Xueqi, ZHAO Yuxia, ZHENG Mulian, HUANG Jie, LU Chuan, LI Yifeng. Shrinkage Compensation Mechanism and Properties of Dense-Skeleton Cement-Stabilized Crushed Stone-Steel Slag Mixture[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(5): 1823-1837.

Figures/Tables 18

References 43

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Test item		Standard value	Actual measured value	Test method
Sieve residue/%		≤5.0	2.3	GB 175—2023，GB/T 1345—2005
Stability/mm		≤5.0	1.5	GB 175—2023，GB/T 1346—2024
Setting time/min	Initial setting	≥45	246	GB 175—2023，GB/T 1346—2024
Setting time/min	Final setting	≤390	458	GB 175—2023，GB/T 1346—2024
Compressive strength/MPa	3 d	≥17.0	24.8	GB 175—2023，GB/T 17671—2021
Compressive strength/MPa	28 d	≥42.5	47.5	GB 175—2023，GB/T 17671—2021
Flexural strength/MPa	3 d	≥4.0	4.9	GB 175—2023，GB/T 17671—2021
Flexural strength/MPa	28 d	≥6.5	7.7	GB 175—2023，GB/T 17671—2021

Test item		Standard value	Actual measured value	Test method
Sieve residue/%		≤5.0	2.3	GB 175—2023，GB/T 1345—2005
Stability/mm		≤5.0	1.5	GB 175—2023，GB/T 1346—2024
Setting time/min	Initial setting	≥45	246	GB 175—2023，GB/T 1346—2024
Setting time/min	Final setting	≤390	458	GB 175—2023，GB/T 1346—2024
Compressive strength/MPa	3 d	≥17.0	24.8	GB 175—2023，GB/T 17671—2021
Compressive strength/MPa	28 d	≥42.5	47.5	GB 175—2023，GB/T 17671—2021
Flexural strength/MPa	3 d	≥4.0	4.9	GB 175—2023，GB/T 17671—2021
Flexural strength/MPa	28 d	≥6.5	7.7	GB 175—2023，GB/T 17671—2021

Test item		Limestone	Steel slag	Standard value	Test method
4.75~16.00 mm	Apparent relative density/（g·cm^-3）	2.725	3.248	≥2.500	JTG 3432—2024 T 0308—2005
4.75~16.00 mm	Water absorption rate/%	0.71	1.30	≤2.00	JTG 3432—2024 T 0307—2005
2.36~<4.75 mm	Apparent relative density/（g·cm^-3）	2.733	3.281	≥2.500	JTG 3432—2024 T 0308—2005
2.36~<4.75 mm	Water absorption rate/%	0.94	1.70	≤2.00	JTG 3432—2024 T 0307—2005
Crushing value/%		19.3	13.2	≤22.0	JTG 3432—2024 T 0316—2024
Los Angeles abrasion value/%		15.2	17.4	≤28.0	JTG 3432—2024 T 0317—2005
Needle and flake particle content/%		12.1	2.1	≤18.0	JTG 3432—2024 T 0312—2005
Soil content/%		1.9	2.4	≤1.2	JTG 3432—2024 T 0310—2005
Water-soaked swelling ratio/%		—	0.65	≤2.00	JTG 3432—2024 T 0348—2024

Test item		Limestone	Steel slag	Standard value	Test method
4.75~16.00 mm	Apparent relative density/（g·cm^-3）	2.725	3.248	≥2.500	JTG 3432—2024 T 0308—2005
4.75~16.00 mm	Water absorption rate/%	0.71	1.30	≤2.00	JTG 3432—2024 T 0307—2005
2.36~<4.75 mm	Apparent relative density/（g·cm^-3）	2.733	3.281	≥2.500	JTG 3432—2024 T 0308—2005
2.36~<4.75 mm	Water absorption rate/%	0.94	1.70	≤2.00	JTG 3432—2024 T 0307—2005
Crushing value/%		19.3	13.2	≤22.0	JTG 3432—2024 T 0316—2024
Los Angeles abrasion value/%		15.2	17.4	≤28.0	JTG 3432—2024 T 0317—2005
Needle and flake particle content/%		12.1	2.1	≤18.0	JTG 3432—2024 T 0312—2005
Soil content/%		1.9	2.4	≤1.2	JTG 3432—2024 T 0310—2005
Water-soaked swelling ratio/%		—	0.65	≤2.00	JTG 3432—2024 T 0348—2024

Material	Mass fraction/%
Material	CaO	Fe₂O₃	Al₂O₃	MgO	SiO₂	Na₂O	K₂O	SO₃	V₂O₅	MnO	Other
Steel slag	38.83	16.96	7.63	4.05	19.95	0.31	0.26	1.04	3.53	4.17	3.27
Cement	61.15	4.01	5.57	1.08	20.59	0.23	0.76	2.74	—	—	3.87