BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (7): 2448-2465.DOI: 10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2026.0067
• Solid Waste and Eco-Materials • Previous Articles Next Articles
WANG Yanheng(
), ZHANG Jiawei, REN Kai, YAN Guochao(
), KONG Shaoqi, LI Gang, LI Boyu, WU Kuangkuang
Received:2026-01-19
Revised:2026-02-28
Online:2026-07-15
Published:2026-08-13
Contact:
YAN Guochao
CLC Number:
WANG Yanheng, ZHANG Jiawei, REN Kai, YAN Guochao, KONG Shaoqi, LI Gang, LI Boyu, WU Kuangkuang. Optimization of Mix Proportion and Micro-Mechanism Study of Multi-Source Solid Waste-Based Cementitious Backfill[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(7): 2448-2465.
| Sieve aperture size/mm | Pass rate/% | Partial sieve residue/% | Cumulative sieve residue/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5.00 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| 4.75 | 94.16 | 5.84 | 5.84 |
| 2.50 | 56.03 | 38.13 | 43.97 |
| 1.25 | 13.50 | 42.53 | 86.50 |
| 0.45 | 1.71 | 11.79 | 98.29 |
| 0 | 0 | 1.71 | 100 |
Table 1 Test results of coal gangue gradation screening
| Sieve aperture size/mm | Pass rate/% | Partial sieve residue/% | Cumulative sieve residue/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5.00 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| 4.75 | 94.16 | 5.84 | 5.84 |
| 2.50 | 56.03 | 38.13 | 43.97 |
| 1.25 | 13.50 | 42.53 | 86.50 |
| 0.45 | 1.71 | 11.79 | 98.29 |
| 0 | 0 | 1.71 | 100 |
| Material | Mass fraction of main component/% | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | MgO | Fe2O3 | SO3 | K2O | Other | |
| Coal gangue | 2.69 | 61.26 | 22.09 | 1.55 | 6.02 | 0.23 | 3.42 | 2.74 |
| Fly ash | 5.95 | 52.56 | 25.27 | 0.51 | 8.24 | 0.71 | 3.21 | 3.55 |
| Steel slag | 39.38 | 18.87 | 9.86 | 8.74 | 13.14 | 2.43 | 0.48 | 7.10 |
| Carbide slag | 90.76 | 4.48 | 1.99 | 0.22 | 0.58 | 1.19 | 0.13 | 0.67 |
| Desulfurization gypsum | 51.48 | 1.35 | 0.36 | 0.25 | 0.47 | 45.81 | 0.18 | 0.11 |
| Portland cement | 57.00 | 23.11 | 9.36 | 1.25 | 3.29 | 3.68 | 0.75 | 1.57 |
Table 2 Primary chemical composition of raw materials
| Material | Mass fraction of main component/% | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | MgO | Fe2O3 | SO3 | K2O | Other | |
| Coal gangue | 2.69 | 61.26 | 22.09 | 1.55 | 6.02 | 0.23 | 3.42 | 2.74 |
| Fly ash | 5.95 | 52.56 | 25.27 | 0.51 | 8.24 | 0.71 | 3.21 | 3.55 |
| Steel slag | 39.38 | 18.87 | 9.86 | 8.74 | 13.14 | 2.43 | 0.48 | 7.10 |
| Carbide slag | 90.76 | 4.48 | 1.99 | 0.22 | 0.58 | 1.19 | 0.13 | 0.67 |
| Desulfurization gypsum | 51.48 | 1.35 | 0.36 | 0.25 | 0.47 | 45.81 | 0.18 | 0.11 |
| Portland cement | 57.00 | 23.11 | 9.36 | 1.25 | 3.29 | 3.68 | 0.75 | 1.57 |
| Level | Factor | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | E | |
| 1 | 0.36 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
| 2 | 0.38 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.30 | 0.40 |
| 3 | 0.40 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.45 | 0.65 |
| 4 | 0.42 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 0.60 | 0.90 |
Table 3 Factors and levels of L16(45) orthogonal experiment
| Level | Factor | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | E | |
| 1 | 0.36 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
| 2 | 0.38 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.30 | 0.40 |
| 3 | 0.40 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.45 | 0.65 |
| 4 | 0.42 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 0.60 | 0.90 |
| Test group | Factor | Uniaxial compressive strength/MPa | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | E | 3 d | 7 d | 28 d | |
| 1 | 0.36 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 1.35 | 2.24 | 5.61 |
| 2 | 0.36 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 1.58 | 3.05 | 7.30 |
| 3 | 0.36 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.45 | 0.65 | 1.55 | 2.92 | 7.24 |
| 4 | 0.36 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 0.60 | 0.90 | 1.85 | 3.26 | 7.10 |
| 5 | 0.38 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.45 | 0.90 | 1.73 | 3.12 | 5.54 |
| 6 | 0.38 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.60 | 0.65 | 1.81 | 3.83 | 7.26 |
| 7 | 0.38 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 1.90 | 3.29 | 8.22 |
| 8 | 0.38 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 0.30 | 0.15 | 2.21 | 6.42 | 12.96 |
| 9 | 0.40 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.60 | 0.40 | 2.85 | 3.53 | 7.08 |
| 10 | 0.40 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.45 | 0.15 | 2.54 | 3.27 | 7.91 |
| 11 | 0.40 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0.30 | 0.90 | 2.06 | 4.35 | 6.74 |
| 12 | 0.40 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.15 | 0.65 | 1.87 | 3.61 | 7.64 |
| 13 | 0.42 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.30 | 0.65 | 1.98 | 3.27 | 5.15 |
| 14 | 0.42 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.15 | 0.90 | 2.06 | 3.41 | 6.54 |
| 15 | 0.42 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 0.60 | 0.15 | 3.03 | 4.75 | 6.70 |
| 16 | 0.42 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 0.45 | 0.40 | 2.56 | 3.35 | 6.39 |
| Average | 2.058 | 3.604 | 7.211 | |||||
Table 4 Orthogonal experiment uniaxial compressive strength test results
| Test group | Factor | Uniaxial compressive strength/MPa | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | E | 3 d | 7 d | 28 d | |
| 1 | 0.36 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 1.35 | 2.24 | 5.61 |
| 2 | 0.36 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 1.58 | 3.05 | 7.30 |
| 3 | 0.36 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.45 | 0.65 | 1.55 | 2.92 | 7.24 |
| 4 | 0.36 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 0.60 | 0.90 | 1.85 | 3.26 | 7.10 |
| 5 | 0.38 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.45 | 0.90 | 1.73 | 3.12 | 5.54 |
| 6 | 0.38 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.60 | 0.65 | 1.81 | 3.83 | 7.26 |
| 7 | 0.38 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 1.90 | 3.29 | 8.22 |
| 8 | 0.38 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 0.30 | 0.15 | 2.21 | 6.42 | 12.96 |
| 9 | 0.40 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.60 | 0.40 | 2.85 | 3.53 | 7.08 |
| 10 | 0.40 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.45 | 0.15 | 2.54 | 3.27 | 7.91 |
| 11 | 0.40 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0.30 | 0.90 | 2.06 | 4.35 | 6.74 |
| 12 | 0.40 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.15 | 0.65 | 1.87 | 3.61 | 7.64 |
| 13 | 0.42 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.30 | 0.65 | 1.98 | 3.27 | 5.15 |
| 14 | 0.42 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.15 | 0.90 | 2.06 | 3.41 | 6.54 |
| 15 | 0.42 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 0.60 | 0.15 | 3.03 | 4.75 | 6.70 |
| 16 | 0.42 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 0.45 | 0.40 | 2.56 | 3.35 | 6.39 |
| Average | 2.058 | 3.604 | 7.211 | |||||
| Factor | Level | Uniaxial compressive strength/MPa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 d | 7 d | 28 d | ||
| A | 1 | 1.582 | 2.869 | 6.811 |
| 2 | 1.913 | 4.165 | 8.497 | |
| 3 | 2.332 | 3.687 | 7.346 | |
| 4 | 2.410 | 3.694 | 6.196 | |
| Rg | 0.828 | 1.296 | 2.301 | |
| B | 1 | 1.978 | 3.041 | 5.847 |
| 2 | 1.999 | 3.386 | 7.254 | |
| 3 | 2.137 | 3.826 | 7.224 | |
| 4 | 2.124 | 4.161 | 8.526 | |
| Rg | 0.159 | 1.120 | 2.679 | |
| C | 1 | 1.948 | 3.440 | 6.500 |
| 2 | 2.053 | 3.632 | 6.796 | |
| 3 | 2.168 | 4.070 | 8.457 | |
| 4 | 2.069 | 3.272 | 7.098 | |
| Rg | 0.220 | 0.798 | 1.957 | |
| D | 1 | 1.797 | 3.135 | 7.004 |
| 2 | 1.958 | 4.272 | 8.040 | |
| 3 | 2.096 | 3.164 | 6.772 | |
| 4 | 2.387 | 3.842 | 7.035 | |
| Rg | 0.591 | 1.137 | 1.268 | |
| E | 1 | 2.283 | 4.171 | 8.295 |
| 2 | 2.223 | 3.301 | 7.250 | |
| 3 | 1.804 | 3.407 | 6.824 | |
| 4 | 1.928 | 3.535 | 6.482 | |
| Rg | 0.479 | 0.871 | 1.812 | |
| Significance | A>D>E>C>B | A>D>B>E>C | B>A>C>E>D | |
Table 5 Analysis of extreme differences in compressive strength at different levels of each factor across various age
| Factor | Level | Uniaxial compressive strength/MPa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 d | 7 d | 28 d | ||
| A | 1 | 1.582 | 2.869 | 6.811 |
| 2 | 1.913 | 4.165 | 8.497 | |
| 3 | 2.332 | 3.687 | 7.346 | |
| 4 | 2.410 | 3.694 | 6.196 | |
| Rg | 0.828 | 1.296 | 2.301 | |
| B | 1 | 1.978 | 3.041 | 5.847 |
| 2 | 1.999 | 3.386 | 7.254 | |
| 3 | 2.137 | 3.826 | 7.224 | |
| 4 | 2.124 | 4.161 | 8.526 | |
| Rg | 0.159 | 1.120 | 2.679 | |
| C | 1 | 1.948 | 3.440 | 6.500 |
| 2 | 2.053 | 3.632 | 6.796 | |
| 3 | 2.168 | 4.070 | 8.457 | |
| 4 | 2.069 | 3.272 | 7.098 | |
| Rg | 0.220 | 0.798 | 1.957 | |
| D | 1 | 1.797 | 3.135 | 7.004 |
| 2 | 1.958 | 4.272 | 8.040 | |
| 3 | 2.096 | 3.164 | 6.772 | |
| 4 | 2.387 | 3.842 | 7.035 | |
| Rg | 0.591 | 1.137 | 1.268 | |
| E | 1 | 2.283 | 4.171 | 8.295 |
| 2 | 2.223 | 3.301 | 7.250 | |
| 3 | 1.804 | 3.407 | 6.824 | |
| 4 | 1.928 | 3.535 | 6.482 | |
| Rg | 0.479 | 0.871 | 1.812 | |
| Significance | A>D>E>C>B | A>D>B>E>C | B>A>C>E>D | |
| Factor | Uniaxial compressive strength/MPa | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 d | 7 d | 28 d | ||||
| F | P | F | P | F | P | |
| A | 5.666 | 0.003 | 3.250 | 0.034 | 2.437 | 0.083 |
| B | 0.259 | 0.855 | 2.705 | 0.062 | 3.057 | 0.042 |
| C | 0.309 | 0.818 | 1.325 | 0.283 | 1.910 | 0.148 |
| D | 2.387 | 0.087 | 3.423 | 0.029 | 0.811 | 0.497 |
| E | 2.019 | 0.131 | 1.709 | 0.185 | 1.581 | 0.213 |
Table 6 Analysis of variance for different ages of various factors
| Factor | Uniaxial compressive strength/MPa | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 d | 7 d | 28 d | ||||
| F | P | F | P | F | P | |
| A | 5.666 | 0.003 | 3.250 | 0.034 | 2.437 | 0.083 |
| B | 0.259 | 0.855 | 2.705 | 0.062 | 3.057 | 0.042 |
| C | 0.309 | 0.818 | 1.325 | 0.283 | 1.910 | 0.148 |
| D | 2.387 | 0.087 | 3.423 | 0.029 | 0.811 | 0.497 |
| E | 2.019 | 0.131 | 1.709 | 0.185 | 1.581 | 0.213 |
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