Research Progress of Chloride Ions on Corrosion of Marine Concrete Reinforcement

Abstract

Abstract: In the marine environment, most of the marine concrete will be corroded and destroyed before reaching the designed service life, resulting in serious national marine engineering safety risks and marine environment pollution. The corrosion of steel bar caused by chloride ions is the main reason for the deterioration of the structural performance of marine concrete. Based on the characteristic of polychlorinated salts in marine environment, starting from the process of chloride ion erosion on marine concrete, this paper reviews and summarizes the corrosion path and mechanism of chloride ions from the process of chloride ions eroding marine concrete. It focuses on the path of chloride ions entering concrete through penetration, diffusion and electrochemical migration, and the corrosion mechanism of chloride ions destroying passivation film, forming corrosion battery, depolarization and conductivity. On this basis, aiming at the latest research on chloride ions corrosion resistance of marine concrete at home and abroad, this paper introduces the mechanism of chloride ions solidification, and focuses on the fundamental measures such as improving the compactness of marine concrete, reducing cracks in marine concrete and increasing the thickness of marine concrete. At the same time, it summarizes the supplementary measures of concrete surface protection, steel bar protection and adding rust inhibitor, crack repairing to improve the chloride ions corrosion resistance of marine concrete. Finally, it raises that there is a big gap between the single chloride ions corrosion process in the current research and the concrete in the actual seawater. Low-carbon and environmentally friendly anti-chloride ions corrosion concrete materials and technologies need to be further developed.

Key words: marine concrete, chloride ion, corrosion, curing mechanism, anticorrosion measure, repair

CLC Number:

TU528

LIU Yumei, YANG Lang, RAO Feng, ZHANG Kaiming, SUN Chuanlin. Research Progress of Chloride Ions on Corrosion of Marine Concrete Reinforcement[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2023, 42(9): 3059-3074.

References

[1] 徐强, 俞海勇. 大型海工混凝土结构耐久性研究与实践[M]. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2008.
XU Q, YU H Y. Research and practice on durability of large marine concrete structures[M]. Beijing: China Building and Construction Press, 2008 (in Chinese).
[2] 王彭生, 曾俊杰, 范志宏, 等. 海工结构混凝土耐久性设计中英标准对比及工程应用[J]. 腐蚀科学与防护技术, 2019, 31(6): 703-709.
WANG P S, ZENG J J, FAN Z H, et al. Comparison of durability design for marine concrete structure between Chinese and British standards and their applications for engineering[J]. Corrosion Science and Protection Technology, 2019, 31(6): 703-709 (in Chinese).
[3] 沈晓冬. 海洋工程水泥与混凝土材料[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2016.
SHEN X D. Marine engineering cement and concrete materials[M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2016 (in Chinese).
[4] KOUSHKBAGHI M, ALIPOUR P, TAHMOURESI B, et al. Influence of different monomer ratios and recycled concrete aggregate on mechanical properties and durability of geopolymer concretes[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 205: 519-528.
[5] SINGH N B, MIDDENDORF B. Geopolymers as an alternative to Portland cement: an overview[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 237: 117455.
[6] YI Y, ZHU D J, GUO S C, et al. A review on the deterioration and approaches to enhance the durability of concrete in the marine environment[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2020, 113: 103695.
[7] JAKOBSEN U H, DE WEERDT K, GEIKER M R. Elemental zonation in marine concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2016, 85: 12-27.
[8] 姜慧, 刘奇东, 徐洁, 等. 海洋环境人工气候模拟加速试验设计[J]. 混凝土, 2013(11): 18-21+24.
JIANG H, LIU Q D, XU J, et al. Artificial climate simulation acceleration test design of marine environment[J]. Concrete, 2013(11): 18-21+24 (in Chinese).
[9] FRANÇOIS R, LAURENS S, DEBY F. Corrosion and its consequences for reinforced concrete structures[M]. London: Elsevier, 2018: 1-41.
[10] LAMBERT P, PAGE C L, VASSIE P R W. Investigations of reinforcement corrosion. 2. Electrochemical monitoring of steel in chloride-contaminated concrete[J]. Materials and Structures, 1991, 24(5): 351-358.
[11] MANGAT P S, OJEDOKUN O O. Bound chloride ingress in alkali activated concrete[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 212: 375-387.
[12] 姜凤娇. 混凝土水泥水化、氯离子扩散及钢筋锈蚀的电化学分析[D]. 大连: 大连理工大学, 2020.
JIANG F J. Electrochemical analysis of cement hydration, chloride ion diffusion and steel corrosion of concrete[D]. Dalian: Dalian University of Technology, 2020 (in Chinese).
[13] HU Y H, LIU G N, YANG Y G, et al. A fluid-solid-chemical coupled fractal model for simulating concrete damage and reinforcement corrosion[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 442: 136045.
[14] LIU J, JIANG Z L, ZHAO Y L, et al. Chloride distribution and steel corrosion in a concrete bridge after long-term exposure to natural marine environment[J]. Materials, 2020, 13(17): 3900.
[15] PAGE C L. Mechanism of corrosion protection in reinforced concrete marine structures[J]. Nature, 1975, 258(5535): 514-515.
[16] GHODS P, BURKAN ISGOR O, BENSEBAA F, et al. Angle-resolved XPS study of carbon steel passivity and chloride-induced depassivation in simulated concrete pore solution[J]. Corrosion Science, 2012, 58: 159-167.
[17] XU L J, WU P G, ZHU X J, et al. Structural characteristics and chloride intrusion mechanism of passive film[J]. Corrosion Science, 2022, 207: 110563.
[18] ZHANG W L, FRANÇOIS R, CAI Y X, et al. Influence of artificial cracks and interfacial defects on the corrosion behavior of steel in concrete during corrosion initiation under a chloride environment[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 253: 119165.
[19] WANG X P, SHAO M H, YE C Q, et al. Study on effect of chloride ions on corrosion behavior of reinforcing steel in simulated polluted concrete pore solutions by scanning micro-reference electrode technique[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2021, 895: 115454.
[20] QIAN S Y, ZHANG J Y, QU D Y. Theoretical and experimental study of microcell and macrocell corrosion in patch repairs of concrete structures[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2006, 28(8): 685-695.
[21] JI Y S, HU Y J, ZHANG L L, et al. Laboratory studies on influence of transverse cracking on chloride-induced corrosion rate in concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2016, 69: 28-37.
[22] SOLEIMANI S, GHODS P, ISGOR O B, et al. Modeling the kinetics of corrosion in concrete patch repairs and identification of governing parameters[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2010, 32(5): 360-368.
[23] VALIPOUR M, SHEKARCHI M, GHODS P. Comparative studies of experimental and numerical techniques in measurement of corrosion rate and time-to-corrosion-initiation of rebar in concrete in marine environments[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2014, 48: 98-107.
[24] LLISO-FERRANDO J R, GASCH I, MARTÍNEZ-IBERNÓN A, et al. Effect of macrocell currents on rebar corrosion in reinforced concrete structures exposed to a marine environment[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2022, 257: 111680.
[25] LI L Q, DONG S G, WANG W, et al. Study on interaction between macrocell and microcell in the early corrosion process of reinforcing steel in concrete[J]. Science China Technological Sciences, 2010, 53(5): 1285-1289.
[26] TAHRI W, HU X, SHI C J, et al. Review on corrosion of steel reinforcement in alkali-activated concretes in chloride-containing environments[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2021, 293: 123484.
[27] 陈环, 齐中华, 房靖超, 等. 八所港矿砂码头混凝土腐蚀现状分析[J]. 海洋工程, 2015, 33(3): 113-119.
CHEN H, QI Z H, FANG J C, et al. Status analysis of corrosion on concrete structures of an iron ore wharf in Basuo Port[J]. The Ocean Engineering, 2015, 33(3): 113-119 (in Chinese).
[28] 宋鲁光. 荷载干湿交替作用下氯离子在混凝土中的传输性能研究[D]. 南京: 东南大学, 2015.
SONG L G. Study on transport performance of chloride ion in concrete under alternating dry and wet loading[D]. Nanjing: Southeast University, 2015 (in Chinese).
[29] 王鹏辉, 乔宏霞, 郭向柯, 等. 基于Weibull分布的镁水泥混凝土中钢筋锈蚀预测[J]. 材料科学与工程学报, 2020, 38(6): 893-898.
WANG P H, QIAO H X, GUO X K, et al. Corrosion prediction of steel bar in magnesium cement concrete based on weibull distribution[J]. Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, 38(6): 893-898 (in Chinese).
[30] 王珑霖, 张文, 张卫红, 等. 盐渍土腐蚀钢筋混凝土研究现状及展望[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2020, 20(3): 883-891.
WANG L L, ZHANG W, ZHANG W H, et al. The current situation and prospect of the corrosion of reinforced concrete in saline soils[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2020, 20(3): 883-891(in Chinese).
[31] JEE A A, PRADHAN B. Long term effect of chloride and sulfates concentration, and cation allied with sulfates on corrosion performance of steel-reinforced in concrete[J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2022, 56: 104813.
[32] YANG J Y, YE X, JIANG C, et al. Effect of NaCl solution and simulated concrete pore solution environment on the efficiency of steel bar energized corrosion[J]. Materials, 2022, 15(19): 7040.
[33] YUAN Q, SHI C J, DE SCHUTTER G, et al. Chloride binding of cement-based materials subjected to external chloride environment: a review[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2009, 23(1): 1-13.
[34] RAMACHANDRAN V S. Possible states of chloride in the hydration of tricalcium silicate in the presence of calcium chloride[J].Matériaux et Construction, 1971, 4(1): 3-12.
[35] SHI C J, YUAN Q, HE F Q, et al. Transport and interactions of chlorides in cement-based materials[M]. London: CRC Press, 2019.
[36] YANG Z M, HAO H L, LU Y Y, et al. Effects of Cl^- erosion conditions on Cl^- binding properties of fly-ash-slag-based geopolymer[J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023, 67: 105907.
[37] 金骏, 吴国坚, 翁杰, 等. 水灰比对混凝土氯离子扩散系数和碳化速率影响的试验研究[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2011, 30(4): 943-949.
JIN J, WU G J, WENG J, et al. Experimental study on influence of cement water ratio on chloride diffusion coefficient and carbonation rate of concrete[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2011, 30(4): 943-949 (in Chinese).
[38] 谢超, 王起才, 李盛, 等. 养护温度和水灰比对混凝土微观孔结构及抗氯离子渗透性影响研究[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2015, 34(12): 3663-3669.
XIE C, WANG Q C, LI S, et al. Effect of the curing temperature and water to binder ratio on microstructure and resistance to chloride ion permeability of concrete[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2015, 34(12): 3663-3669 (in Chinese).
[39] LEY-HERNANDEZ A M, LAPEYRE J, COOK R, et al. Elucidating the effect of water-to-cement ratio on the hydration mechanisms of cement[J]. ACS Omega, 2018, 3(5): 5092-5105.
[40] 陈友治, 殷伟淞, 孙涛, 等. 高掺量矿物掺合料对水泥基材料固化氯离子能力的影响[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2016, 35(6): 1664-1668.
CHEN Y Z, YIN W S, SUN T, et al. Effect of high addition of SCMs on the capacity of cement-based materials binding chloride ions[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2016, 35(6): 1664-1668 (in Chinese).
[41] WASSERMANN R, KATZ A, BENTUR A. Minimum cement content requirements: a must or a myth?[J].Materials and Structures, 2009, 42(7): 973-982.
[42] TONG L Y, ZHAO J H, CHENG Z R. Chloride ion binding effect and corrosion resistance of geopolymer materials prepared with seawater and coral sand[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2021, 309: 125126.
[43] YURDAKUL E, TAYLOR P C, CEYLAN H, et al. Effect of paste-to-voids volume ratio on the performance of concrete mixtures[J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2013, 25(12): 1840-1851.
[44] AMORIM N S, ANDRADE NETO J S, SANTANA H A, et al. Durability and service life analysis of metakaolin-based geopolymer concretes with respect to chloride penetration using chloride migration test and corrosion potential[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2021, 287: 122970.
[45] 王顺风, 马雪, 张祖华, 等. 粉煤灰-偏高岭土基地质聚合物的孔结构及抗压强度[J]. 材料导报, 2018, 32(16): 2757-2762.
WANG S F, MA X, ZHANG Z H, et al. Pore structure and compressive strength of fly ash-metakaolin based geopolymer[J]. Materials Review, 2018, 32(16): 2757-2762 (in Chinese).
[46] ABDULLAH A, HUSSIN K, AL BAKRI ABDULLAH M M, et al. The effects of various concentrations of NaOH on the inter-particle gelation of a fly ash geopolymer aggregate[J]. Materials, 2021, 14(5): 1111.
[47] 王坤云, 胡迪勇, 杨竹. 矿物掺合料对自密实混凝土工作性能影响研究综述[J]. 人民珠江, 2021, 42(8): 46-54.
WANG K Y, HU D Y, YANG Z. Study for the influence of mineral admixtures on the workability of self-compacting concrete[J]. Pearl River, 2021, 42(8): 46-54 (in Chinese).
[48] JIANG C H, GUO W W, CHEN H, et al. Effect of filler type and content on mechanical properties and microstructure of sand concrete made with superfine waste sand[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2018, 192: 442-449.
[49] LENG F G, FENG N Q, LU X Y. An experimental study on the properties of resistance to diffusion of chloride ions of fly ash and blast furnace slag concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2000, 30(6): 989-992.
[50] 莫利伟, 耿健, 柳俊哲, 等. 粉煤灰和矿粉双掺对水泥基材料固化氯离子能力的研究[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2013, 32(12): 2443-2448.
MO L W, GENG J, LIU J Z, et al. Study on fly ash and slag on binding of chloride ion into cement based materials[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2013, 32(12): 2443-2448 (in Chinese).
[51] BODDY A, HOOTON R D, GRUBER K A. Long-term testing of the chloride-penetration resistance of concrete containing high-reactivity metakaolin[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2001, 31(5): 759-765.
[52] GUO Y Q, ZHANG T S, TIAN W L, et al. Physically and chemically bound chlorides in hydrated cement pastes: a comparison study of the effects of silica fume and metakaolin[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2019, 54(3): 2152-2169.
[53] ZULKIFLY K, CHENG-YONG H, YUN-MING L, et al. Effect of phosphate addition on room-temperature-cured fly ash-metakaolin blend geopolymers[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2021, 270: 121486.
[54] HAN Q Y, ZHANG P, WU J J, et al. Comprehensive review of the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer with additive of nano-SiO₂[J]. Nanotechnology Reviews, 2022, 11(1): 1478-1498.
[55] FU C Q, YE H L, ZHU K Q, et al. Alkali cation effects on chloride binding of alkali-activated fly ash and metakaolin geopolymers[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2020, 114: 103721.
[56] SOURADEEP G, KUA H W. Encapsulation technology and techniques in self-healing concrete[J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2016, 28(12): 04016165.
[57] YANG K, ZHONG M Q, MAGEE B, et al. Investigation of effects of Portland cement fineness and alkali content on concrete plastic shrinkage cracking[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2017, 144: 279-290.
[58] YILMAZ A, DEGIRMENCI N. Possibility of using waste tire rubber and fly ash with Portland cement as construction materials[J]. Waste Management, 2009, 29(5): 1541-1546.
[59] LIANG J, ZHU H, CHEN L, et al. Rebar corrosion investigation in rubber aggregate concrete via the chloride electro-accelerated test[J]. Materials, 2019, 12(6): 862.
[60] BERROCAL C G, LUNDGREN K, LÖFGREN I. Corrosion of steel bars embedded in fibre reinforced concrete under chloride attack: state of the art[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2016, 80: 69-85.
[61] GANESAN N, ABRAHAM R, DEEPA R S. Durability characteristics of steel fibre reinforced geopolymer concrete[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2015, 93: 471-476.
[62] RAJENDRAN M. Corrosion assessment of ferrocement element with nanogeopolymer for marine application[J]. Structural Concrete, 2021, 22(5): 2882-2894.
[63] COMBRINCK R, KAYONDO M, LE ROUX B D, et al. Effect of various liquid admixtures on cracking of plastic concrete[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 202: 139-153.
[64] HOLT E, LEIVO M. Cracking risks associated with early age shrinkage[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2004, 26(5): 521-530.
[65] ZHANG L F, QIAN X Q, LAI J Y, et al. Effect of different wind speeds and sealed curing time on early-age shrinkage of cement paste[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 255: 119366.
[66] MOELICH G M, VAN ZYL J E, RABIE N, et al. The influence of solar radiation on plastic shrinkage cracking in concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2021, 123: 104182.
[67] NASIR M, BAGHABRA AL-AMOUDI O S, MASLEHUDDIN M. Effect of placement temperature and curing method on plastic shrinkage of plain and pozzolanic cement concretes under hot weather[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2017, 152: 943-953.
[68] KHAN I, XU T F, CASTEL A, et al. Risk of early age cracking in geopolymer concrete due to restrained shrinkage[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 229: 116840.
[69] MAYHOUB O A, MOHSEN A, ALHARBI Y R, et al. Effect of curing regimes on chloride binding capacity of geopolymer[J]. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2021, 12(4): 3659-3668.
[70] LIN P, NING Z Y, SHI J, et al. Study on the gallery structure cracking mechanisms and cracking control in dam construction site[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2021, 121: 105135.
[71] XUE X W, ZHOU J L, HUA X D, et al. Analysis of the generating and influencing factors of vertical cracking in abutments during construction[J]. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2018, 2018: 1-13.
[72] 赖礼协. 跨海主墩承台大体积混凝土施工及关键性技术探究[J]. 江西建材, 2021(12): 247-249.
LAI L X. Study on mass concrete construction and key technology of cross-sea main pier cap[J]. Jiangxi Building Materials, 2021(12): 247-249 (in Chinese).
[73] HUANG J J. Effective chloride removal in reinforced concrete using electrochemical method in the presence of calcium nitrite[J]. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2016: 4667-4674.
[74] GEIKER M R, POLDER R B. Experimental support for new electro active repair method for reinforced concrete[J]. Materials and Corrosion, 2016, 67(6): 600-606.
[75] 鞠晓丹, 张庆学, 岳璐, 等. 电化学防护技术在海洋工程中的研究进展[J]. 涂层与防护, 2023, 44(3): 57-62.
JU X D, ZHANG Q X, YUE L, et al. Research progress in electrochemical protection technology for ocean engineering[J]. Coating and Protection, 2023, 44(3): 57-62 (in Chinese).
[76] 沈灵, 夏晋, 张晖. 电化学修复对混凝土微观结构影响的研究综述[J]. 混凝土, 2020(4): 23-28.
SHEN L, XIA J, ZHANG H. Review of the effect of electrochemical treatment on microstructure of concrete[J]. Concrete, 2020(4): 23-28 (in Chinese).
[77] GUO B B, QIAO G F, LI Z M, et al. Impressed current cathodic protection of chloride-contaminated RC structures with cracking: a numerical study[J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2021, 44: 102943.
[78] 李树鹏, 金祖权, 熊传胜. 钢筋混凝土电化学除氯技术研究现状[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2021, 40(1): 25-33+63.
LI S P, JIN Z Q, XIONG C S. Research status of electrochemical chloride extraction technology of reinforced concrete[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2021, 40(1): 25-33+63 (in Chinese).
[79] SHAN H Y, XU J X, WANG Z Y, et al. Electrochemical chloride removal in reinforced concrete structures: improvement of effectiveness by simultaneous migration of silicate ion[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2016, 127: 344-352.
[80] FAN W J, MAO J H, JIN W L, et al. Repair effect of bidirectional electromigration rehabilitation on concrete structures at different durability deterioration stages[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 251: 118872.
[81] FENG G Y, JIN Z Q, ZHU D J, et al. Effect of seawater and various parameters on electro-deposition repairing cracks of reinforced concrete exposed to marine environment[J]. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 2022, 20(9): 581-595.
[82] WU Z Y, YU H F, MA H Y, et al. Rebar corrosion in coral aggregate concrete: determination of chloride threshold by LPR[J]. Corrosion Science, 2020, 163: 108238.
[83] PYO S, KOH T, TAFESSE M, et al. Chloride-induced corrosion of steel fiber near the surface of ultra-high performance concrete and its effect on flexural behavior with various thickness[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 224: 206-213.
[84] CHEN X D, MING Y, FU F, et al. Numerical and empirical models for service life assessment of RC structures in marine environment[J].International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 2022, 16(1): 1-12.
[85] British Standards Institution. Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures—definitions, requirements, quality control and evaluation of conformity—part 4: structural bonding: EN B. 1504-4[S]. London: British Standards Institution, 2004.
[86] IBRAHIM M, AL-GAHTANI A S, MASLEHUDDIN M, et al. Effectiveness of concrete surface treatmentmaterials in reducing chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 1997, 11(7/8): 443-451.
[87] ORLIKOWSKI J, CEBULSKI S, DAROWICKI K. Electrochemical investigations of conductive coatings applied as anodes in cathodic protection of reinforced concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2004, 26(6): 721-728.
[88] BERTOLINI L, ELSENER B, PEDEFERRI P, et al. Corrosion of steel in concrete: prevention, diagnosis, repair[M]. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
[89] ZENG Y Q, ZHU M, YUAN Y F, et al. Corrosion resistance of CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy compared with 2205 duplex stainless steel in a simulated concrete pore solution[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2023: 1-14.
[90] LUO H, ZOU S W, CHEN Y H, et al. Influence of carbon on the corrosion behaviour of interstitial equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys in a chlorinated concrete solution[J]. Corrosion Science, 2020, 163: 108287.
[91] KAMDE D K, PILLAI R G. Corrosion initiation mechanisms and service life estimation of concrete systems with fusion-bonded-epoxy (FBE) coated steel exposed to chlorides[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2021, 277: 122314.
[92] DEWI M S, SANCHAROEN P, KLOMJIT P, et al. Effects of zinc alloy layer on corrosion and service life of galvanized reinforcing steels in chloride-contaminated concrete[J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023, 68: 106153.
[93] XIONG S Y, HUANG X L, XU W N, et al. Corrosion and protection of galvanized steel in vegetation-growing concrete (II): coating protection[J]. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2021, 16(6): e2702.
[94] BOLZONI F, BRENNA A, ORMELLESE M. Recent advances in the use of inhibitors to prevent chloride-induced corrosion in reinforced concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2022, 154: 106719.
[95] DHOUIBI L, REFAIT P, TRIKI E, et al. Interactions between nitrites and Fe(II)-containing phases during corrosion of iron in concrete- simulating electrolytes[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2006, 41(15): 4928-4936.
[96] ANN K Y, JUNG H S, KIM H S, et al. Effect of calcium nitrite-based corrosion inhibitor in preventing corrosion of embedded steel in concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2006, 36(3): 530-535.
[97] ØSTNOR T A, JUSTNES H. Anodic corrosion inhibitors against chloride induced corrosion of concrete rebars[J]. Advances in Applied Ceramics, 2011, 110(3): 131-136.
[98] BOLZONI F, COPPOLA L, GOIDANICH S, et al. Corrosion inhibitors in reinforced concrete structures. Part 1: preventative technique[J]. Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2004, 39(3): 219-228.
[99] GAIDIS J M. Chemistry of corrosion inhibitors[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2004, 26(3): 181-189.
[100] KERN P, LANDOLT D. Adsorption of organic corrosion inhibitors on iron in the active and passive state. A replacement reaction between inhibitor and water studied with the rotating quartz crystal microbalance[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2001, 47(4): 589-598.
[101] DHOUIBI L, TRIKI E, RAHARINAIVO A. The application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to determine the long-term effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors for steel in concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2002, 24(1): 35-43.
[102] KONDRATOVA I L, MONTES P, BREMNER T W. Natural marine exposure results for reinforced concrete slabs with corrosion inhibitors[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2003, 25(4/5): 483-490.
[103] WANG W Y, SONG Z J, GUO M Z, et al. Employing ginger extract as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor in cementitious materials[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 228: 116713.