Application of Metakaolin in Artificial Hydraulic Lime Repair Mortar

Abstract

Abstract: In order to prepare a green inorganic restoration material that is suitable for the restoration of historical buildings, based on the XRD test results of the bonding materials of several historical brick masonry buildings in Qingdao, an artificial hydraulic lime repair mortar was prepared by mixing metakaolin. The influence of metakaolin on the artificial hydraulic lime mortar was studied by testing the fluidity, setting time, mass loss rate, dring shrinkage rate and mechanical properties. The results show that metakaolin can reduce the fluidity, shorten the setting time, reduce the dring shrinkage rate and improve the compressive strength and bonding strength of artificial hydraulic lime mortar. When the content is 5.0% and 7.5% (mass fraction), the 56 d compressive strength of artificial hydraulic lime mortar increases by 66.8% and 94.3%, and the bond strength increases by 22.2% and 25.9%. Finally, XRD and SEM were used to test and analyze the microstructure of the materials. The results show that the main reason for the improvement of the performance of the artificial hydraulic lime mortar by metakaolin is that the active SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in metakaolin react directly with the lime, and consume Ca(OH)₂, which promotes the hydration of cement and enhances the bonding force between the hydrated products and the aggregate.

Key words: metakaolin, hydraulic lime, repair mortar, historical building, physical and mechanical property, microstructure

CLC Number:

TU526

GU Lilong, SHANG Huaishuai, WU Yayue, MENG Weiguang, HOU Guanhao. Application of Metakaolin in Artificial Hydraulic Lime Repair Mortar[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2023, 42(12): 4351-4359.

References

[1] 张雅文, 王秀峰, 伍媛婷, 等. 文物保护用无机胶凝材料的研究进展[J]. 材料导报, 2012, 26(3): 51-56+68.
ZHANG Y W, WANG X F, WU Y T, et al. Research progress on relic protection inorganic cementitious materials[J]. Materials Review, 2012, 26(3): 51-56+68 (in Chinese).
[2] VEIGA R. Air lime mortars: what else do we need to know to apply them in conservation and rehabilitation interventions? A review[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2017, 157: 132-140.
[3] 宋彦军, 周振君. 石灰-偏高岭土修复性砂浆的研究进展[J]. 世界科技研究与发展, 2017, 39(1): 39-44.
SONG Y J, ZHOU Z J. Research progress of lime-metakaolin restoration mortars[J]. World Sci-Tech R & D, 2017, 39(1): 39-44 (in Chinese).
[4] 谭梦琪. 城市更新行动“限拆令”落地住建部印发《关于在实施城市更新行动中防止大拆大建问题的通知》[J]. 中国勘察设计, 2021(10): 5.
TAN M Q. The “Demolition Restriction Order” of Urban Renewal Action was issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, and the Notice on Preventing Large Demolition and Construction in the Implementation of Urban Renewal Action was issued[J]. China Engineering Consulting, 2021(10): 5 (in Chinese).
[5] FANG S Q, ZHANG K, ZHANG H, et al. A study of traditional blood lime mortar for restoration of ancient buildings[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2015, 76: 232-241.
[6] 汪浩文, 张捷. 基于虚拟现实的古建筑建模关键技术研究[J]. 重庆理工大学学报(自然科学), 2018, 32(9): 144-148.
WANG H W, ZHANG J. Research on the key technology of ancient architecture modeling based on digital virtual reality[J]. Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science), 2018, 32(9): 144-148 (in Chinese).
[7] 兰明章, 聂松, 王剑锋, 等. 古建筑修复用石灰基砂浆的研究进展[J]. 材料导报, 2019, 33(9): 1512-1516.
LAN M Z, NIE S, WANG J F, et al. A state-of-the-art review on lime-based mortars for restoration of ancient buildings[J]. Materials Reports, 2019, 33(9): 1512-1516 (in Chinese).
[8] GARIJO L, ZHANG X X, RUIZ G, et al. Age effect on the mechanical properties of natural hydraulic and aerial lime mortars[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 236: 117573.
[9] GRILO J, SANTOS S A, FARIA P, et al. Mechanical and mineralogical properties of natural hydraulic lime-metakaolin mortars in different curing conditions[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2014, 51: 287-294.
[10] VAVRIČUK A, BOKAN B V, KRAMAR S. The influence of metakaolin on the properties of natural hydraulic lime-based grouts for historic masonry repair[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2018, 172: 706-716.
[11] LUO K, LI J, LU Z Y, et al. Effect of nano-SiO₂ on early hydration of natural hydraulic lime[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 216: 119-127.
[12] CHO, JIN S, KYE H, et al. Effect of blast furnace slag on the hydration properties in natural hydraulic lime[J]. Journal of Ceramic Processing Research, 2016, 17(02): 122-128.
[13] RAHEEM A A, ABDULWAHAB R, KAREEM M A. Incorporation of metakaolin and nanosilica in blended cement mortar and concrete: a review[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 290: 125852.
[14] NAVRÁTILOVÁ E, ROVNANÍKOVÁ P. Pozzolanic properties of brick powders and their effect on the properties of modified lime mortars[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2016, 120: 530-539.
[15] 曾俊杰, 王胜年, 熊建波, 等. 偏高岭土对低热硅酸盐水泥水化性能的影响[J]. 混凝土, 2020(5): 69-72.
ZENG J J, WANG S N, XIONG J B, et al. Influence of metakaolin on hydration performance of low heat Portland cement[J]. Concrete, 2020(5): 69-72 (in Chinese).
[16] 宋银星, 马芹永. 超细矿渣粉-偏高岭土-水泥注浆材料性能试验与分析[J]. 中国科技论文, 2020, 15(3): 360-365+372.
SONG Y X, MA Q Y. Performance test and analysis of superfine slag powder-metakaolin-cement grouting material[J]. China Sciencepaper, 2020, 15(3): 360-365+372 (in Chinese).
[17] 陶涛, 杨建明, 李涛, 等. 偏高岭土和粉煤灰对大流动性磷酸钾镁水泥抗盐冻性能的影响[J]. 混凝土, 2021(4): 87-90+95.
TAO T, YANG J M, LI T, et al. Effect of fly ash and metakaolin on salt-frost resistance of high fluidity magnesium potassium phosphate cement[J]. Concrete, 2021(4): 87-90+95 (in Chinese).
[18] BILLONG N, MELO U C, KAMSEU E, et al. Improving hydraulic properties of lime-rice husk ash (RHA) binders with metakaolin (MK)[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2011, 25(4): 2157-2161.
[19] 许栋, 张大江, 王栋民, 等. 矿粉/偏高岭土对天然水硬性石灰早期性能的影响[J]. 矿业科学学报, 2022, 7(5): 632-642.
XU D, ZHANG D J, WANG D M, et al. Effects of slag powder/metakaolin on the early performance of natural hydraulic lime[J]. Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 2022, 7(5): 632-642 (in Chinese).
[20] SILVA B A, FERREIRA P A P, GOMES A. Natural hydraulic lime versus cement for blended lime mortars for restoration works[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2015, 94: 346-360.
[21] 姜广, 戎志丹, 孙伟. 偏高岭土对高性能水泥砂浆性能的影响[J]. 东南大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 45(1): 121-125.
JIANG G, RONG Z D, SUN W. Effects of metakaolin on properties of high performance mortar[J]. Journal of Southeast University (Natural Science Edition), 2015, 45(1): 121-125 (in Chinese).
[22] 袁润章. 胶凝材料学[M]. 2版. 武汉: 武汉工业大学出版社, 1996: 52-53.
YUAN R Z. Cementitious materials science[M]. 2nd ed. Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology Press, 1996: 52-53 (in Chinese).
[23] 王景霞, 何斌, 牛世伟, 等. 生石灰激发赤泥-粉煤灰协同水泥固化Cu²⁺污染高岭土的电化学特性[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2021, 21(12): 5054-5059.
WANG J X, HE B, NIU S W, et al. Electrochemical characteristics of Cu²⁺ contaminated kaolin solidified by quicklime activated red mud-fly ash and cement[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2021, 21(12): 5054-5059 (in Chinese).
[24] 李黎, 赵林毅, 李最雄. 中国古建筑中几种石灰类材料的物理力学特性研究[J]. 文物保护与考古科学, 2014, 26(3): 74-84.
LI L, ZHAO L Y, LI Z X. Study on the physical and mechanical properties of several lime materials in ancient Chinese architecture[J]. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology, 2014, 26(3): 74-84 (in Chinese).
[25] GAMEIRO A, SANTOS S A, FARIA P, et al. Physical and chemical assessment of lime-metakaolin mortars: influence of binder: aggregate ratio[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2014, 45: 264-271.
[26] 宋彦军. 石灰-偏高岭土胶凝材料的制备及其天然矿物纤维改性研究[D]. 西安: 长安大学, 2017.
SONG Y J. Study on preparation of lime-metakaolin cementitious material and modification of natural mineral fiber[D]. Xi’an: Chang’an University, 2017 (in Chinese).
[27] 李亚刚, 廖宜顺, 刘艳玲, 等. 超细矿渣粉和偏高岭土对硫铝酸盐水泥水化和强度的影响[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2021, 40(5): 1586-1593+1609.
LI Y G, LIAO Y S, LIU Y L, et al. Effects of ultrafine ground granulated blast furnace slag and metakaolin on hydration and strength of calcium sulfoaluminate cement[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2021, 40(5): 1586-1593+1609 (in Chinese).
[28] CHEN M X, YANG L, ZHENG Y, et al. Yield stress and thixotropy control of 3D-printed calcium sulfoaluminate cement composites with metakaolin related to structural build-up[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 252: 119090.
[29] 刘艳玲, 廖宜顺, 李亚刚. 超细矿渣粉和偏高岭土对硫铝酸盐水泥早期收缩性能的影响[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2022, 41(6): 2090-2097+2116.
LIU Y L, LIAO Y S, LI Y G. Effects of ultrafine ground granulated blast furnace slag and metakaolin on early-age shrinkage of calcium sulfoaluminate cement[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2022, 41(6): 2090-2097+2116 (in Chinese).
[30] 刘园圆, 雷绍民, 赵亮, 等. 偏高岭土水泥基材料的水化性能与微观结构[J]. 非金属矿, 2019, 42(5): 31-34.
LIU Y Y, LEI S M, ZHAO L, et al. Hydration properties and microstructure of cement-based materials with metakaolin[J]. Non-Metallic Mines, 2019, 42(5): 31-34 (in Chinese).
[31] MOROPOULOU A, BAKOLAS A, BISBIKOU K. Investigation of the technology of historic mortars[J]. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2000, 1(1): 45-58.
[32] 杨凤玲, 嵇银行, 李玉寿, 等. 偏高岭土对混凝土性能影响研究[J]. 混凝土与水泥制品, 2011(5): 4-8.
YANG F L, JI Y H, LI Y S, et al. Study on the effect of metakaolin on the properties of concrete[J]. Concrete and Cement Products, 2011(5): 4-8 (in Chinese).