Research Progress on Effect of Steel Slag on Durability of Plateau Concrete

Abstract

Abstract: The extensive accumulation of steel slag poses a severe threat to ecological environment. Utilizing steel slag in concrete effectively enhances the utilization rate. Under the coupling effect of low pressure and drying, the low activity problem restricts the application and development of steel slag in plateau concrete. This study focuses on the unique characteristics of plateau climate and comprehensively reviews the impact of steel slag on the frost resistance, salt erosion resistance, and shrinkage resistance of plateau concrete. Additionally, it analyzes the properties of steel slag and summarizes the challenges associated with using steel slag as an admixture and aggregate. Through a thorough analysis of existing research, we find that appropriate pretreatment of steel slag and the addition of suitable mineral admixtures can enhance the reactivity of steel slag, promote the development of more compact concrete structures, and improve the applicability of steel slag in plateau concrete.

Key words: concrete, steel slag, plateau climate, durability, interface transition zone, pretreatment, mineral admixture

CLC Number:

TU528

BAI Qing, DENG Wei, LU Fuyang, ZHAI Jianliang, LAI Hao, MAO Nan, SHI Changchun, XIONG Rui. Research Progress on Effect of Steel Slag on Durability of Plateau Concrete[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2023, 42(12): 4332-4340.

References

[1] DOUGLAS HOOTON R. Future directions for design, specification, testing, and construction of durable concrete structures[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2019, 124: 105827.
[2] HAN X, FENG J J, SHAO Y X, et al. Influence of a steel slag powder-ground fly ash composite supplementary cementitious material on the chloride and sulphate resistance of mass concrete[J]. Powder Technology, 2020, 370: 176-183.
[3] HUO J Y, WANG Z J, CHEN H X, et al. Impacts of low atmospheric pressure on properties of cement concrete in plateau areas: a literature review[J]. Materials, 2019, 12(9): 1384.
[4] 秦云强, 郑欣欣. 高原混凝土耐久性改善与评价方法综述[J]. 青海交通科技, 2021, 33(6): 80-86.
QIN Y Q, ZHENG X X. Review on durability improvement and evaluation methods of plateau concrete[J]. Qinghai Transportation Science and Technology, 2021, 33(6): 80-86 (in Chinese).
[5] KHAN M S, FUZAIL HASHMI A, SHARIQ M, et al. Effects of incorporating fibres on mechanical properties of fibre-reinforced concrete: a review[J/OL]. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2023. (2023-05-15)[2023-10-08]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785323027190.
[6] OLIVITO R S, ZUCCARELLO F A. An experimental study on the tensile strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete[J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2010, 41(3): 246-255.
[7] TAM C M, TAM V W Y, NG K M. Assessing drying shrinkage and water permeability of reactive powder concrete produced in Hong Kong[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2012, 26(1): 79-89.
[8] LI X F, YANG P Y. Effect of low atmospheric pressure on bubble stability of air-entrained concrete[J]. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2021, 2021: 1-8.
[9] ZENG X H, LAN X L, ZHU H S, et al. Investigation on air-voids structure and compressive strength of concrete at low atmospheric pressure[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2021, 122: 104139.
[10] FAYAZ M, KRISHNAIAH R V, RAJU K V B, et al. Experimental study on mechanical properties of concrete using mineral admixtures[J/OL]. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2023. (2023-07-12)[2023-10-08]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785323037252.
[11] FU X, LI Y, LIN C, et al. Strength, durability and appearance of low-carbon fair-faced concrete containing multiple mineral admixtures[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2023, 392: 131838.
[12] GAO W H, ZHOU W T, LYU X J, et al. Comprehensive utilization of steel slag: a review[J]. Powder Technology, 2023, 422: 118449.
[13] JIANG Y, LING T C, SHI C J, et al. Characteristics of steel slags and their use in cement and concrete: a review[J]. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2018, 136: 187-197.
[14] KOU S C, POON C S, AGRELA F. Comparisons of natural and recycled aggregate concretes prepared with the addition of different mineral admixtures[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2011, 33(8): 788-795.
[15] MARTINS A C P, FRANCO DE CARVALHO J M, COSTA L C B, et al. Steel slags in cement-based composites: an ultimate review on characterization, applications and performance[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2021, 291: 123265.
[16] LAN X L, ZENG X H, ZHU H S, et al. Experimental investigation on fractal characteristics of pores in air-entrained concrete at low atmospheric pressure[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2022, 130: 104509.
[17] HE R, YANG Z, GAN V J L, et al. Mechanism of nano-silica to enhance the robustness and durability of concrete in low air pressure for sustainable civil infrastructures[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 321: 128783.
[18] LIU Z Z, LOU B W, SHA A, et al. Microstructure characterization of Portland cement pastes influenced by lower curing pressures[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 227: 116636.
[19] HUI Y H. Food drying science and technology: microbiology, chemistry, applications[M]. DEStech Publications: Lancaster, PA, 2008: 43-67.
[20] SHANGGUAN M H, XIE Y J, XU S Q, et al. Mechanical properties characteristics of high strength concrete exposed to low vacuum environment[J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023, 63: 105438.
[21] LI X F, FU Z, LUO Z. Effect of atmospheric pressure on air content and air void parameters of concrete[J]. Magazine of Concrete Research, 2015, 67(8): 391-400.
[22] 李雪峰, 付智. 低气压环境对混凝土含气量及气泡稳定性的影响[J]. 硅酸盐学报, 2015, 43(8): 1076-1082.
LI X F, FU Z. Effect of low-pressure of environment on air content and bubble stability of concrete[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2015, 43(8): 1076-1082 (in Chinese).
[23] 李扬, 王振地, 薛成, 等. 高原低气压对道路工程混凝土性能的影响及原因[J]. 中国公路学报, 2021, 34(9): 194-202.
LI Y, WANG Z D, XUE C, et al. Influence of plateau low air pressure on the performance of road engineering concrete and its reasons[J]. China Journal of Highway and Transport, 2021, 34(9): 194-202 (in Chinese).
[24] YANG H J, LEE H, WANG L, et al. Hydration characteristics and microstructure evolution of concrete with blended binders from LCD and OLED wastes[J]. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2023, 27(1): 174-193.
[25] SOJA W, GEORGET F, MARAGHECHI H, et al. Evolution of microstructural changes in cement paste during environmental drying[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2020, 134: 106093.
[26] SAKATA K. A study on moisture diffusion in drying and drying shrinkage of concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 1983, 13(2): 216-224.
[27] PATEL R G, PARROTT L J, MARTIN J A, et al. Gradients of microstructure and diffusion properties in cement paste caused by drying[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 1985, 15(2): 343-356.
[28] CHEN X, LIU X, FENG Y R, et al. Microstructures and properties of concrete surfaces under different exposure conditions in complex natural environments of high-altitude regions[J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023, 72: 106663.
[29] SUN M, BENNETT T, VISINTIN P. Plastic and early-age shrinkage of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC): experimental study of the effect of water to binder ratios, silica fume dosages under controlled curing conditions[J]. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2022, 16: e00948.
[30] SAMOUH H, ROZIÈRE E, LOUKILI A. Experimental and numerical study of the relative humidity effect on drying shrinkage and cracking of self-consolidating concrete[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2019, 115: 519-529.
[31] WARDEH G, GHORBEL E. Prediction of fracture parameters and strain-softening behavior of concrete: effect of frost action[J]. Materials and Structures, 2015, 48(1/2): 123-138.
[32] JIANG M H, LIU X, HANG M Y, et al. Performance and deterioration mechanism of concrete incorporated with corrosion-inhibiting admixtures under the coupling effect of composite salt and freeze-thaw cycles[J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023, 69: 106329.
[33] XIA D T, YU S T, YU J L, et al. Damage characteristics of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete under the freeze-thaw cycles and compound-salt attack[J]. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2023, 18: e01814.
[34] CHEN Y Y, CHEN S Y, YANG C J, et al. Effects of insulation materials on mass concrete with pozzolans[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2017, 137: 261-271.
[35] SHI M X, WANG Q, ZHOU Z K. Comparison of the properties between high-volume fly ash concrete and high-volume steel slag concrete under temperature matching curing condition[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2015, 98: 649-655.
[36] WANG L, YANG H Q, ZHOU S H, et al. Mechanical properties, long-term hydration heat, shinkage behavior and crack resistance of dam concrete designed with low heat Portland (LHP) cement and fly ash[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2018, 187: 1073-1091.
[37] 丁天庭, 李启华, 陈树东. 磨细钢渣对混凝土力学性能和耐久性影响的研究[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2017, 36(5): 1723-1727.
DING T T, LI Q H, CHEN S D. Effect of steel slag on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2017, 36(5): 1723-1727 (in Chinese).
[38] PANG B, ZHOU Z H, CHENG X, et al. ITZ properties of concrete with carbonated steel slag aggregate in salty freeze-thaw environment[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2016, 114: 162-171.
[39] HAZAREE C, CEYLAN H, WANG K J. Influences of mixture composition on properties and freeze-thaw resistance of RCC[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2011, 25(1): 313-319.
[40] SICAT E, GONG F Y, UEDA T, et al. Experimental investigation of the deformational behavior of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) in concrete during freezing and thawing cycles[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2014, 65: 122-131.
[41] BARIŠIĆ I, MARKOVIĆ B, ZAGVOZDA M. Freeze-thaw resistance assessment of cement-bound steel slag aggregate for pavement structures[J]. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2019, 20(4): 448-457.
[42] ALLAHVERDI A, ABADI M M B R. Resistance of chemically activated high phosphorous slag content cement against frost-salt attack[J]. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2014, 98: 18-25.
[43] DENG G, HE Y J, LU L N, et al. Investigation of sulfate attack on aluminum phases in cement-metakaolin paste[J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2022, 56: 104720.
[44] ZHANG Z Y, JIN X G, LUO W. Long-term behaviors of concrete under low-concentration sulfate attack subjected to natural variation of environmental climate conditions[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2019, 116: 217-230.
[45] FATHIMA SUMA M, SANTHANAM M, RAHUL A V. The effect of specimen size on deterioration due to external sodium sulphate attack in full immersion studies[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2020, 114: 103806.
[46] FENG P, GARBOCZI E J, MIAO C W, et al. Microstructural origins of cement paste degradation by external sulfate attack[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2015, 96: 391-403.
[47] CHANG J, GU Y Y, ANSARI W S. Mechanism of blended steel slag mortar with CO₂ curing exposed to sulfate attack[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 251: 118880.
[48] RAHMAN M M, BASSUONI M T. Thaumasite sulfate attack on concrete: mechanisms, influential factors and mitigation[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2014, 73: 652-662.
[49] DENG G, HE Y J, LU L N, et al. A preliminary study on the efficiency of the steel slag-based spraying carbonation layer in improving the durability of cement-based products[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2023, 136: 104899.
[50] BARBOSA C L C, AGUIAR N M, DIAS A H, et al. Mechanical and durability performance of concretes produced with steel slag aggregate and mineral admixtures[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2022, 318: 126152.
[51] SHI Z G, GEIKER M R, LOTHENBACH B, et al. Friedel’s salt profiles from thermogravimetric analysis and thermodynamic modelling of Portland cement-based mortars exposed to sodium chloride solution[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2017, 78: 73-83.
[52] WANG Q, YAN P, YANG J W, et al. Influence of steel slag on mechanical properties and durability of concrete[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2013, 47: 1414-1420.
[53] WANG Q, YANG J W, YAN P Y. Cementitious properties of super-fine steel slag[J]. Powder Technology, 2013, 245: 35-39.
[54] PAN Z H, ZHOU J L, JIANG X, et al. Investigating the effects of steel slag powder on the properties of self-compacting concrete with recycled aggregates[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 200: 570-577.
[55] ZHUANG S Y, WANG Q, LUO T. Modification of ultrafine blast furnace slag with steel slag as a novel high-quality mineral admixture to prepare high-strength concrete[J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023, 71: 106501.
[56] LIU J, WANG D M. Influence of steel slag-silica fume composite mineral admixture on the properties of concrete[J]. Powder Technology, 2017, 320: 230-238.
[57] LIU J C, HOSSAIN M U, XUAN D X, et al. Mechanical and durability performance of sustainable concretes containing conventional and emerging supplementary cementitious materials[J]. Developments in the Built Environment, 2023, 15: 100197.
[58] CHENG X, TIAN W, GAO J F, et al. Performance evaluation and lifetime prediction of steel slag coarse aggregate concrete under sulfate attack[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2022, 344: 128203.
[59] HAMEDANIMOJARRAD P. Development of high performance shrinkage resistant concrete, using novel shrinkage compensating admixtures[D]. Sydney: University of Technology, Sydney, 2012.
[60] MASTALI M, KINNUNEN P, DALVAND A, et al. Drying shrinkage in alkali-activated binders: a critical review[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2018, 190: 533-550.
[61] LI H, WEE T H, WONG S F. Early-age creep and shrinkage of blended cement concrete[J]. ACI Materials Journal, 2002, 99(1): 3-10.
[62] DHIVYA K, ANUSHA G, VINOTH S, et al. Steel slag’s effect on concrete mechanical properties and durability[J/OL]. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2023. (2023-05-24)[2023-10-08]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785323029656.
[63] WANG Q, YAN P Y, YANG J W. Comparison of hydration properties between cement-GGBS-fly ash blended binder and cement-GGBS-steel slag blended binder[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Material Science Edition, 2014, 29(2): 273-277.
[64] ZHAO J H, LI Z H, WANG D M, et al. Hydration superposition effect and mechanism of steel slag powder and granulated blast furnace slag powder[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2023, 366: 130101.
[65] PALOD R, DEO S V, RAMTEKKAR G D. Effect on mechanical performance, early age shrinkage and electrical resistivity of ternary blended concrete containing blast furnace slag and steel slag[J]. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020, 32: 917-922.
[66] BRAND A S, ROESLER J R. Steel furnace slag aggregate expansion and hardened concrete properties[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2015, 60: 1-9.
[67] WEISS J, BENTZ D, SCHLINDER A, et al. Internal curing-constructing more robust concrete[J]. Structure, 2012, 1: 10-14.
[68] LIM J S, CHEAH C B, RAMLI M B. The setting behavior, mechanical properties and drying shrinkage of ternary blended concrete containing granite quarry dust and processed steel slag aggregate[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 215: 447-461.
[69] DEVI V S, GNANAVEL B K. Properties of concrete manufactured using steel slag[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2014, 97: 95-104.
[70] SHI Y, CHEN H Y, WANG J, et al. Preliminary investigation on the pozzolanic activity of superfine steel slag[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2015, 82: 227-234.
[71] PANG L, LIAO S C, WANG D Q, et al. Influence of steel slag fineness on the hydration of cement-steel slag composite pastes[J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2022, 57: 104866.
[72] HU S G, HE Y J, LU L N, et al. Effect of fine steel slag powder on the early hydration process of Portland cement[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Material Science Edition, 2006, 21(1): 147-149.
[73] ZHU H J, MA M Y, HE X Y, et al. Effect of wet-grinding steel slag on the properties of Portland cement: an activated method and rheology analysis[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2021, 286: 122823.
[74] ZHUANG S Y, WANG Q. Inhibition mechanisms of steel slag on the early-age hydration of cement[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2021, 140: 106283.
[75] ZHANG T S, YU Q J, WEI J X, et al. A new gap-graded particle size distribution and resulting consequences on properties of blended cement[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2011, 33(5): 543-550.
[76] JIANG J, LU X L, NIU T, et al. Performance optimization and hydration characteristics of BOF slag-based autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2022, 134: 104734.
[77] BRAND A S, ROESLER J R. Interfacial transition zone of cement composites with steel furnace slag aggregates[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2018, 86: 117-129.
[78] VO D H, TRAN THI K D, MAMUYE Y, et al. Engineering properties and stability of high-performance mortar incorporating untreated and treated steel reducing slag aggregate[J]. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022: 67: 105992.
[79] LI W Z, CAO M L, WANG D, et al. Improving the hydration activity and volume stability of the RO phases in steel slag by combining alkali and wet carbonation treatments[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2023, 172: 107236.
[80] LI W Z, CAO M L, WANG D, et al. Increase in volume stability of RO phases in steel slag by combined treatment of alkali and dry carbonation[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2023, 396: 132345.
[81] 周钰沦, 郑永超, 吝晓然, 等. 预处理工艺对钢渣粉磨效率及性能影响的研究[J]. 混凝土, 2022(2): 111-115.
ZHOU Y L, ZHENG Y C, LIN X R, et al. Influence of pre-treatment process on the grinding efficiency and performance of steel slag[J]. Concrete, 2022(2): 111-115 (in Chinese).