Research Progress on Interlayer Bond Strength of 3D Printed Concrete

doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2026.0115

Abstract

Abstract:

In extrusion-based 3D printed concrete （3DPC）， due to the layer-by-layer stacking process， interlayer bond strength is a key factor affecting the overall structural performance.This paper systematically reviews the latest research progress on the interlayer bond strength of 3DPC. Firstly， from a materials perspective， the regulatory mechanisms of cementitious material mix proportion， aggregates， admixtures， fibers， and nanomaterials on interfacial performance are analyzed. Secondly， from a processing standpoint， the influence patterns of printing parameters and curing temperature and humidity， and other factors are discussed， and the strengthening effects of chemical bonding agent spraying and physical enhancement techniques are summarized. Furthermore， the applicability and limitations of macroscopic mechanical testing methods—such as interlayer direct tensile， splitting tensile， and shear tests—are critically compared. These methods are reviewed in conjunction with recently released industry standards. The application of microscopic characterization techniques， including scanning electron microscopy and nanoindentation， as well as non-destructive testing methods， in studying interfacial bonding mechanisms is also reviewed. Finally， the paper identifies current research gaps， particularly regarding the coupled effects of multiple factors and long-term durability， and proposes future research directions for enhancing interlayer bond performance.

Key words: 3D printing, concrete, interlayer interface, bond strength, test method, microscopic mechanism

CLC Number:

TU528

HE Zhimin, CHEN Xince, LU Bowen, ZHANG Guixin, LIU Junzhe. Research Progress on Interlayer Bond Strength of 3D Printed Concrete[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(8): 2583-2599.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig.1 Interlayer bond strength of 3DPC： materials， processes， testing and mechanism exploration

Fig.2 Porosity of material layer with varying amounts of PCE addition［20］

Fig.3 Interlayer tensile strength and interlayer shear strength of 3DPC at different basalt content levels［32］

Table 1 Methods for chemical enhancement of interfacial bonding in 3DPC

增强类别	增强方法	层间粘结增强效果	参考文献
化学改性	硅酸锂溶液层间界面表面处理	7 d层间粘结强度提高约126%，28 d提高约108%	［45］
	碳酸钙晶须界面喷涂（0.1%）	在60 min打印时间间隔下，28 d剪切强度提高约71%，劈裂抗拉强度提高约40%	［46］
	CO₂界面激活增强剂喷涂（厚度约100 μm）	3 d层间粘结强度提高约220%，28 d提高约249%	［47］
	硫铝酸盐水泥基无机界面涂层（三种）	28 d层间粘结强度分别提高约7%、71%和42%	［48］
	聚氨酯-丙烯酸树脂（PUA）界面喷涂并紫外固化	28 d层间粘结强度提高约41%，最高可达2.06 MPa	［49］
	粉煤灰基细菌培养液界面喷涂	28 d劈裂抗拉强度提高约331%，直接拉伸强度提高约104%	［50］
	聚羧酸减水剂（SP）及SP-HPMC（羟丙基甲基纤维素）复合界面改性	3 h打印时间间隔下，层间粘结强度分别提高约36%和54%	［51］

Table 2 Methods for physical enhancement of interfacial bonding in 3DPC

增强类别	增强方法	层间粘结增强效果	参考文献
喷嘴优化	不同齿角几何喷嘴设计（90°、135°）	28 d劈裂抗拉强度提高14.5%~30.7%，其中135°效果最优，最高至4.64 MPa	［54］
	锯齿状几何喷嘴设计（15°、45°）	45°齿角下拉伸强度提高约291%，最高至1.42 MPa，剪切强度提高约 89.0%，最高至4.19 MPa	［55］
	锯齿喷嘴协同增强材料沉积装置	28 d劈裂抗拉强度提高约 72.0%，最高至11.2 MPa	［56］
	具有榫槽结构的互锁式喷嘴	28 d剪切强度提高约 98.0%	［57］
层间加固	钉状构件层间加固	劈裂抗拉强度提高至3.41 MPa，增幅约60.8%	［58］
	螺旋型钢筋层间加固	28 d弯曲强度提高12.5%~39.4%，最高至4.6 MPa	［59］
	层间铺设钢丝网加固	28 d劈裂抗拉强度提高43.7%，最高至4.9 MPa	［60］
	同步印刷或层间铺设纤维增强聚合物网格及条带	28 d层间粘结强度提高至14 MPa（网格）和4.0 MPa（条带）	［61］

Fig.4 Tongue-and-groove interlocking nozzle［57］

Fig.5 Rectangular interlocking nozzle［63］

Fig.6 Splitting tensile test［76］

Fig.7 Modified slant shear test［78］

Fig.8 Direct shear test［8］

Table 3 Differences in characterization of interlayer bond strength in 3DPC under various testing methods

测试方法	试样尺寸	加载方式/速率	强度表征方式	粘结强度范围/MPa	采用公式	参考文献
直接拉伸试验	50 mm×25 mm×30 mm	位移控制，1 mm/min	直接拉伸强度	1.70~3.10	—	［30］
	25 mm ×25 mm×25 mm	位移控制，10 mm/min	直接拉伸强度	0~4.50	—	［71］
	40 mm ×40 mm×20 mm	位移控制，0.1 mm/min	直接拉伸强度	0.23~3.51	—	［80］
	25 mm×25 mm×30 mm	位移控制，0.05 mm/s	直接拉伸强度	2.26~6.64	—	［72］
	20 mm×20 mm×24 mm	位移控制，0.01 µm/s	直接拉伸强度	2.60~3.50	—	［73］
劈裂抗拉试验	100 mm×100 mm×100 mm	—	劈裂抗拉强度	0.88~4.20	$f t = 2 P π l d$	［62］
	50 mm×30 mm×15 mm	位移控制，0.1 mm/min	劈裂抗拉强度	1.90~5.39	$f t = 2 P π A$	［19］
	100 mm×30 mm×36 mm	位移控制，0.02 mm/s	劈裂抗拉强度	采用压力表征		［23］
	长度30 mm	位移控制，5 mm/min	劈裂抗拉强度	采用压力表征		［75］
	30 mm ×30 mm×30 mm	位移控制，1 mm/min	劈裂抗拉强度	0.50~1.20	$f t = 2 P π A$	［24］
	40 mm×40 mm×40 mm	力控制，0.06 kN/s	劈裂抗拉强度	2.20~5.30	$f t = 2 P π A$	［69］
	40 mm×40 mm×40 mm	力控制，1 000 N/s	劈裂抗拉强度	2.00~4.60	$f t = 2 P π l d$	［39］
	40 mm×40 mm×50 mm	位移控制，0.1 mm/min	劈裂抗拉强度	1.91~3.43	$f t = 2 P π A$	［81］
剪切试验	70 mm×70 mm×70 mm	力控制，（2 400±200） N/s	斜剪强度	2.80~14.41	$τ = P s i n α A$	［38］
	70 mm×70 mm× 70 mm	力控制，（2 400±200） N/s	斜剪强度	3.19~10.69	$τ = P s i n α A$	［33］
	70 mm×70 mm× 70 mm	力控制，（2 400±200） N/s	斜剪强度	0~10.69	$τ = P s i n α A$	［34］
	圆柱体，直径25 mm，高度40 mm	位移控制，0.1 mm/min	直剪强度	5.00~8.00	—	［79］
组合试验	150 mm×50 mm×50 mm	位移控制，0.5 mm/min	拉-剪组合表征	0.50~4.50	$σ = P A$ $τ = P A$	［52］
组合试验	40 mm×40 mm×40 mm	力控制，2 400 N/s	多种测试方法组合表征	采用相对粘结强度表征	—	［16］

Table 3 Differences in characterization of interlayer bond strength in 3DPC under various testing methods

测试方法	试样尺寸	加载方式/速率	强度表征方式	粘结强度范围/MPa	采用公式	参考文献
直接拉伸试验	50 mm×25 mm×30 mm	位移控制，1 mm/min	直接拉伸强度	1.70~3.10	—	［30］
	25 mm ×25 mm×25 mm	位移控制，10 mm/min	直接拉伸强度	0~4.50	—	［71］
	40 mm ×40 mm×20 mm	位移控制，0.1 mm/min	直接拉伸强度	0.23~3.51	—	［80］
	25 mm×25 mm×30 mm	位移控制，0.05 mm/s	直接拉伸强度	2.26~6.64	—	［72］
	20 mm×20 mm×24 mm	位移控制，0.01 µm/s	直接拉伸强度	2.60~3.50	—	［73］
劈裂抗拉试验	100 mm×100 mm×100 mm	—	劈裂抗拉强度	0.88~4.20	$f t = 2 P π l d$	［62］
	50 mm×30 mm×15 mm	位移控制，0.1 mm/min	劈裂抗拉强度	1.90~5.39	$f t = 2 P π A$	［19］
	100 mm×30 mm×36 mm	位移控制，0.02 mm/s	劈裂抗拉强度	采用压力表征		［23］
	长度30 mm	位移控制，5 mm/min	劈裂抗拉强度	采用压力表征		［75］
	30 mm ×30 mm×30 mm	位移控制，1 mm/min	劈裂抗拉强度	0.50~1.20	$f t = 2 P π A$	［24］
	40 mm×40 mm×40 mm	力控制，0.06 kN/s	劈裂抗拉强度	2.20~5.30	$f t = 2 P π A$	［69］
	40 mm×40 mm×40 mm	力控制，1 000 N/s	劈裂抗拉强度	2.00~4.60	$f t = 2 P π l d$	［39］
	40 mm×40 mm×50 mm	位移控制，0.1 mm/min	劈裂抗拉强度	1.91~3.43	$f t = 2 P π A$	［81］
剪切试验	70 mm×70 mm×70 mm	力控制，（2 400±200） N/s	斜剪强度	2.80~14.41	$τ = P s i n α A$	［38］
	70 mm×70 mm× 70 mm	力控制，（2 400±200） N/s	斜剪强度	3.19~10.69	$τ = P s i n α A$	［33］
	70 mm×70 mm× 70 mm	力控制，（2 400±200） N/s	斜剪强度	0~10.69	$τ = P s i n α A$	［34］
	圆柱体，直径25 mm，高度40 mm	位移控制，0.1 mm/min	直剪强度	5.00~8.00	—	［79］
组合试验	150 mm×50 mm×50 mm	位移控制，0.5 mm/min	拉-剪组合表征	0.50~4.50	$σ = P A$ $τ = P A$	［52］
组合试验	40 mm×40 mm×40 mm	力控制，2 400 N/s	多种测试方法组合表征	采用相对粘结强度表征	—	［16］

Fig.9 Test methods for interfacial bond strength［52］

Fig.10 Three-dimensional pore morphology［82］

Fig.11 Experimental setup for detecting unbonded interlayer defects using electrical resistivity with respect to the square and wenner arrays［86］

Fig.12 SEM images of 3DPC［89］

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