剥落区和界面剪应力对超高性能混凝土纤维拔出行为的影响

doi:10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.1236

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究剥落区与界面剪应力对超高性能混凝土（UHPC）中钢纤维拔出行为的影响，本文研究了不同养护龄期（7、14、28 d）和嵌入角（0°、30°、45°、60°）下钢纤维的拔出行为，评价了基体剥落的程度，并利用细观力学模型对拔出行为进行了分析。结果表明：在不同嵌入角下，拔出荷载和平均粘结强度在45°处最大，拔出能在60°处最大；基体的剥落面积受养护龄期的影响较小，但受嵌入角的影响较大，最大剥落面积出现在60°，并建立了剥落面积与嵌入角之间关系的评估方程；界面剪应力的衰减决定了荷载-滑移曲线的下降段（脱粘阶段）的变化趋势，随着养护龄期和嵌入角的不同，下降段曲线形状由凹形转变为凸形，且凸形的曲率逐渐增大；将形状系数η的取值从-0.10扩展到-0.05，并引入一个取值范围为-8~-2的界面强化指数b，可有效评价界面剪应力的变化，数值分析结果与实验结果吻合较好。

关键词: 超高性能混凝土（UHPC）, 嵌入角, 拔出行为, 基体剥落, 界面剪应力, 细观力学模型

Abstract:

To investigate the influence of the spalling zone and interfacial shear stress on the pullout behavior of steel fibers in ultra-high performance concrete （UHPC）， the pullout behavior of steel fibers at different curing ages （7， 14， 28 d） and embedment angles （0°， 30°， 45°， 60°） was studied. The degree of matrix spalling was evaluated， and the pullout behavior was analyzed using a micromechanical model. The results show that the pullout load and average bond strength are maximized at 45° for different embedment angles， while the maximum pullout energy occurrs at 60°. The spalling area of the matrix is less affected by the curing age but significantly influenced by the embedment angle， with the maximum spalling area occurring at 60°. An equation is established to describe the relationship between the spalling area and the embedment angle. The degradation of interfacial shear stress determines the trend of the descending branch （debonding stage）， with the shape changing from concave to convex and the curvature of the convex shape gradually increasing with different curing ages and embedment angles. Extending the value of shape coefficient η from 0.10 to -0.05 and introducing an interfacial enhancement factor b with a range of values from -8 to -2 can effectively evaluate the change of the interfacial shear stress， the results of the numerical analysis are in good agreement with experimental results.

Key words: ultra-high performance concrete （UHPC）, embedment angle, pullout behavior, matrix spalling, interfacial shear stress, micromechanical model

中图分类号:

TU528

向孤聪, 牛艳飞, 林喜华, 袁棕, 郭彦龙, 袁利军. 剥落区和界面剪应力对超高性能混凝土纤维拔出行为的影响[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2026, 45(7): 2275-2289.

XIANG Gucong, NIU Yanfei, LIN Xihua, YUAN Zong, GUO Yanlong, YUAN Lijun. Effects of Spalling Area and Interfacial Shear Stress on Fiber Pullout Behavior in Ultra-High Performance Concrete[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(7): 2275-2289.

图/表 25

图1 原材料的粒径分布

Fig.1 Particle size distribution of raw materials

表1 原材料化学组成

Table 1 Chemical composition of raw materials

Material	Mass fraction/%
Material	SiO₂	CaO	Fe₂O₃	MgO	SO₃	Al₂O₃	Na₂O	Other
OPC	18.62	64.88	3.74	2.29	4.23	4.89	0.12	1.23
SF	97.04	0.48	—	0.45	0.24	0.17	0.26	1.36
QP	98.50	0.02	0.15	—	—	0.89	—	0.59
QSⅠ/QSⅡ	99.16	0.01	0.04	—	—	0.47	—	0.32

表2 钢纤维的主要参数

Table 2 Main parameters of steel fibers

Diameter/mm	Length/mm	Density/（kg·m^-3）	Tensile strength/MPa	Elastic modulus/GPa
0.2	13.0/20.0	7 850	2 850	206

图2 实际粒径分布曲线和目标曲线

Fig.2 Actual partical size distribution curve and target curve

图3 不同减水剂掺量下的Marsh时间

Fig.3 Marsh time at different water reducer dosage

表3 UHPC的配合比

Table 3 Mix proportion of UHPC

Material	OPC	SF	QP	QSⅠ	QSⅡ	Water	Steel fiber	SP
Mix proportion/（kg·m^-3）	1 025	100	75	850	105	190	157	92

图4 钢纤维在UHPC基体中的埋置示意图

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of steel fiber embedment in UHPC matrix

图5 UHPC的3、7、28 d抗压和抗折强度

Fig.5 Compressive and flexural strength of UHPC at 3， 7， and 28 d

图6 钢纤维不同嵌入角度的荷载-滑移曲线

Fig.6 Load-slip curves of steel fibers at different embedment angles

图7 钢纤维不同养护龄期下的荷载-滑移曲线

Fig.7 Load-slip curves of steel fibers at different curing ages

表4 钢纤维不同养护龄期的最大拔出荷载

Table 4 Maximum pullout load of steel fibers with different curing ages

Series	P_max/N
Series	7 d-45°	14 d-45°	28 d-45°
S1	65.04	70.83	82.73
S2	63.73	71.74	79.90
S3	61.94	72.00	79.81
Average	63.57	71.52	80.81
SD	1.55	0.61	1.66

表5 钢纤维不同嵌入角的最大拔出荷载

Table 5 Maximum pullout load of steel fibers at different embedment angles

Series	P_max/N
Series	28 d-0°	28 d-30°	28 d-45°	28 d-60°
S1	47.74	85.14	82.73	70.31
S2	44.87	80.44	79.90	72.06
S3	47.09	84.11	79.81	72.76
Average	46.56	83.23	80.81	71.71
SD	1.50	2.46	1.66	1.26

图8 钢纤维不同嵌入角度的拔出能和平均粘结强度

Fig.8 Pullout energy and average bond strength of

图9 钢纤维不同养护龄期的拔出能和平均粘结强度

Fig.9 Pullout energy and average bond strength of steel steel fibers with different embedment angles fibers with different curing ages

图10 剥落效应和剥落试件示意图

Fig.10 Schematic diagram of spalling effect and spalling specimen

图11 实验和预测的剥落面积值对比

Fig.11 Comparison of experimental and predicted spalling area values

图12 典型的光滑直纤维拔出荷载-滑移曲线

Fig.12 Typical load-slip curves of smooth straight fiber pullout

表6 上升段基体和纤维的基本参数

Table 6 Basic parameters of matrix and fibers for ascending stage

Parameter	Value	Reference
A_f/A_m	0.01	［38］
E_m/GPa	45	［37］
E_f/GPa	200	—
γ	2	［22］
n	100	［22］

图13 荷载-滑移曲线上升段的试验和预测对比

Fig.13 Comparison of experimental and predicted results for ascending segment of load-slip curves

图14 荷载-滑移曲线下降段的试验和预测对比

Fig.14 Comparison of experimental and predicted result for descending segment of load-slip curves

图15 滑移过程中的缓冲效应和接触压力示意图

Fig.15 Schematic diagram of snubbing effect and contact pressure during slip

图16 不同养护龄期下钢纤维的荷载-滑移曲线

Fig.16 Load-slip curves of steel fibers with different curing ages

表7 下降段基体和纤维的基本参数

Table 7 Basic parameters of matrix and fibers for descending stage

Parameter	Value	Reference
$v f$	0.3	—
$α$	1.0	［38］
$μ$	0.3	［38］
$v m$	0.2	［38］
$η$	0.05~0.10	［38］

表7 下降段基体和纤维的基本参数

Table 7 Basic parameters of matrix and fibers for descending stage

Parameter	Value	Reference
$v f$	0.3	—
$α$	1.0	［38］
$μ$	0.3	［38］
$v m$	0.2	［38］
$η$	0.05~0.10	［38］

图17 η 对下降段曲线形状的影响（b=1）

Fig.17 Effect of η on descending shape curves （b=1）

图18 b对下降段曲线形状的影响

Fig.18 Effect of b on descending shape curves

参考文献 40

[1]	BAJABER M A， HAKEEM I Y. UHPC evolution， development， and utilization in construction： a review［J］. Journal of Materials Research and Technology， 2021， 10： 1058-1074. DOI URL
[2]	王德辉，史才军，吴林妹. 超高性能混凝土在中国的研究和应用［J］. 硅酸盐通报， 2016， 35（1）： 141-149.
	WANG D H， SHI C J， WU L M. Research and applications of ultra-high performance concrete（UHPC） in China［J］. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society， 2016， 35（1）： 141-149 （in Chinese）.
[3]	蒋　健，李传习，邓　帅，等. 含粗骨料超高性能混凝土静态稳定性研究［J］. 硅酸盐通报， 2024， 43（7）： 2441-2450.
	JIANG J， LI C X， DENG S， et al. Static stability of ultra-high performance concrete containing coarse aggregate［J］. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society， 2024， 43（7）： 2441-2450 （in Chinese）.
[4]	成鑫磊，穆　锐，刘晓英. 超高性能混凝土的制备及力学性能研究进展［J］. 硅酸盐通报， 2024， 43（12）： 4295-4312.
	CHENG X L， MU R， LIU X Y. Review on preparation and mechanical properties of ultra-high performance concrete［J］. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society， 2024， 43（12）： 4295-4312 （in Chinese）.
[5]	任　亮，方　蕈，王　凯，等. 超高性能混凝土与水泥基材料界面粘结性研究进展［J］. 硅酸盐通报， 2019， 38（7）： 2087-2094.
	REN L， FANG X， WANG K， et al. Research progress on interface bond behavior between ultra high performance concrete and cement-based materials［J］. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society， 2019， 38（7）： 2087-2094 （in Chinese）.
[6]	ZHANG H， HUANG Y J， YANG Z J， et al. A discrete-continuum coupled finite element modelling approach for fibre reinforced concrete［J］. Cement and Concrete Research， 2018， 106： 130-143. DOI URL
[7]	LI M Z， SUN J L， LI L， et al. Effect of nanosilica on fiber pullout behavior and mechanical properties of strain hardening ultra-high performance concrete［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2023， 367： 130255. DOI URL
[8]	XU M， HALLINAN B， WILLE K. Effect of loading rates on pullout behavior of high strength steel fibers embedded in ultra-high performance concrete［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2016， 70： 98-109. DOI URL
[9]	OH T， CHUN B， JANG Y S， et al. Effect of nano-SiO₂ on fiber-matrix bond in ultra-high-performance concrete as partial substitution of silica flour［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2023， 138： 104957. DOI URL
[10]	YOO D Y， KIM S. Comparative pullout behavior of half-hooked and commercial steel fibers embedded in UHPC under static and impact loads［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2019， 97： 89-106. DOI URL
[11]	ZHANG R， YAN X F， GUO L. Pullout damage analysis of steel fiber with various inclination angles and interface states in UHPC through acoustic emission and microscopic observation［J］. Journal of Building Engineering， 2022， 51： 104271. DOI URL
[12]	WU Z M， SHI C J， KHAYAT K H， et al. Effects of different nanomaterials on hardening and performance of ultra-high strength concrete （UHSC）［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2016， 70： 24-34. DOI URL
[13]	CHAN Y W， CHU S H. Effect of silica fume on steel fiber bond characteristics in reactive powder concrete［J］. Cement and Concrete Research， 2004， 34（7）： 1167-1172. DOI URL
[14]	WU Z M， SHI C J， KHAYAT K H. Influence of silica fume content on microstructure development and bond to steel fiber in ultra-high strength cement-based materials （UHSC）［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2016， 71： 97-109. DOI URL
[15]	CHUN B， YOO D Y， BANTHIA N. Achieving slip-hardening behavior of sanded straight steel fibers in ultra-high-performance concrete［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2020， 113： 103669. DOI URL
[16]	KIM J J， YOO D Y. Effects of fiber shape and distance on the pullout behavior of steel fibers embedded in ultra-high-performance concrete［J］. Cement and Concrete Composites， 2019， 103： 213-223. DOI URL
[17]	BENEDETTY C A， KRAHL P A， GOES C M W， et al. Effects of fiber content， inclination angle， and casting point on the fiber-matrix interaction of high-strength fiber-reinforced self compacting concrete［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2023， 398： 132537. DOI URL
[18]	LAWRENCE P. Some theoretical considerations of fibre pull-out from an elastic matrix［J］. Journal of Materials Science， 1972， 7（1）： 1-6. DOI URL
[19]	NAAMAN A E， NAMUR G G， ALWAN J M， et al. Fiber pullout and bond slip. I： analytical study［J］. Journal of Structural Engineering， 1991， 117（9）： 2769-2790. DOI URL
[20]	NAAMAN A E， NAMUR G G， ALWAN J M， et al. Fiber pullout and bond slip. II： experimental validation［J］. Journal of Structural Engineering， 1991， 117（9）： 2791-2800. DOI URL
[21]	CHANVILLARD G. Modeling the pullout of wire-drawn steel fibers［J］. Cement and Concrete Research， 1999， 29（7）： 1027-1037. DOI URL
[22]	LEE Y， KANG S T， KIM J K. Pullout behavior of inclined steel fiber in an ultra-high strength cementitious matrix［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2010， 24（10）： 2030-2041. DOI URL
[23]	CAILLEUX E， CUTARD T， BERNHART G. Pullout of steel fibres from a refractory castable： experiment and modelling［J］. Mechanics of Materials， 2005， 37（4）： 427-445. DOI URL
[24]	YU R， SPIESZ P， BROUWERS H J H. Mix design and properties assessment of ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concrete （UHPFRC）［J］. Cement and Concrete Research， 2014， 56： 29-39. DOI URL
[25]	刘康宁，尹天一，余　睿. 超高性能混凝土颗粒紧密堆积理论优化探索［J］. 建筑材料学报， 2023， 26（7）： 739-745.
	LIU K N， YIN T Y， YU R. Optimization exploration of particle close packing theory in ultra-high performance concrete［J］. Journal of Building Materials， 2023， 26（7）： 739-745 （in Chinese）.
[26]	郑　丽，陈露一，张志豪. 基于紧密堆积理论优化超高性能混凝土钢纤维参数［J］. 硅酸盐通报， 2022， 41（3）： 853-859.
	ZHENG L， CHEN L Y， ZHANG Z H. Steel fibre parameter optimization of ultra-high performance concrete based on dense particle packing theory［J］. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society， 2022， 41（3）： 853-859 （in Chinese）.
[27]	中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会. 水泥与减水剂相容性试验方法：［S］. 北京：建材工业出版社， 2008.
	National Development and Reform Commission of the People’s Republic of China. Test method for compatibility of cement and water-reducing agent：［S］. Beijing： China Building Materials Press， 2008 （in Chinese）.
[28]	DENG Y L， ZHANG Z H， SHI C J， et al. Steel fiber–matrix interfacial bond in ultra-high performance concrete： a review［J］. Engineering， 2023， 22： 215-232. DOI URL
[29]	中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部，国家市场监督管理总局. 混凝土物理力学性能试验方法标准：［S］. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社， 2019.
	Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China， State Administration for Market Regulation. Standard for test methods of concrete physical and mechanical properties：［S］. Beijing： China Architecture & Building Press， 2019 （in Chinese）.
[30]	KIM S， LEE N， LEE H K， et al. Experimental and theoretical studies of hydration of ultra-high performance concrete cured under various curing conditions［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2021， 278： 122352. DOI URL
[31]	QI J N， WU Z M， MA Z J， et al. Pullout behavior of straight and hooked-end steel fibers in UHPC matrix with various embedded angles［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2018， 191： 764-774. DOI URL
[32]	LI V C， WANG Y， BACKER S. Effect of inclining angle， bundling and surface treatment on synthetic fibre pull-out from a cement matrix［J］. Composites， 1990， 21（2）： 132-140. DOI URL
[33]	LEUNG C K Y， LI V C. Effect of fiber inclination on crack bridging stress in brittle fiber reinforced brittle matrix composites［J］. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids， 1992， 40（6）： 1333-1362. DOI URL
[34]	LE H V， MOON D， KIM D J. Effects of ageing and storage conditions on the interfacial bond strength of steel fibers in mortars［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2018， 170： 129-141. DOI URL
[35]	LEUNG C K Y， GENG Y P. Micromechanical modeling of softening behavior in steel fiber reinforced cementitious composites［J］. International Journal of Solids and Structures， 1998， 35（31/32）： 4205-4222. DOI URL
[36]	BAHMANI H， MOSTOFINEJAD D. Microstructure of ultra-high-performance concrete （UHPC）： a review study［J］. Journal of Building Engineering， 2022， 50： 104118. DOI URL
[37]	WANG Z Y， BI J H， HE R G， et al. A meso-mechanical model for post-cracking tensile constitutive behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2021， 296： 123625. DOI URL
[38]	PAJĄK M， PONIKIEWSKI T. Flexural behavior of self-compacting concrete reinforced with different types of steel fibers［J］. Construction and Building Materials， 2013， 47： 397-408. DOI URL
[39]	NAAMAN A E， REINHARDT H W. Proposed classification of HPFRC composites based on their tensile response［J］. Materials and Structures， 2006， 39（5）： 547-555. DOI URL
[40]	ABDALLAH S， FAN M Z， REES D W A. Analysis and modelling of mechanical anchorage of 4D/5D hooked end steel fibres［J］. Materials & Design， 2016， 112： 539-552.