BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY ›› 2026, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (4): 1240-1247.DOI: 10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2025.0954
• Solid Waste and Eco-Materials • Previous Articles Next Articles
LIN Mingzhi1,2(
), CHEN Yang1,2(
), CHEN Bo1,2
Received:2025-09-26
Revised:2025-10-18
Online:2026-04-20
Published:2026-05-14
Contact:
CHEN Yang
CLC Number:
LIN Mingzhi, CHEN Yang, CHEN Bo. Mineral Characteristics, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Shallow Marine Sand Aggregates[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2026, 45(4): 1240-1247.
| Physical property indicators | Apparent density/(kg·m-3) | Bulk density/(kg·m-3) | Porosity/% | Sulfate soundness/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | 2 550 | 1 140 | 42 | 1 |
| Maximum | 2 700 | 1 530 | 57 | 10 |
| Average | 2 634 | 1 341 | 49 | 3 |
Table 1 Physical and mechanical properties of shallow marine sand
| Physical property indicators | Apparent density/(kg·m-3) | Bulk density/(kg·m-3) | Porosity/% | Sulfate soundness/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | 2 550 | 1 140 | 42 | 1 |
| Maximum | 2 700 | 1 530 | 57 | 10 |
| Average | 2 634 | 1 341 | 49 | 3 |
| Physical propertyindicators | Shellcontent/% | Micacontent/% | Light substancecontent/% | Sulfide and sulfate content/% | Chloridecontent/% | Internal exposureindex | External exposure index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
| Maximum | 37.20 | 0.10 | 2.10 | 0.84 | 0.62 | 0.30 | 0.70 |
| Average | 4.19 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.24 |
Table 2 Harmful substances and specific activity of radioactivity of shallow marine sand
| Physical propertyindicators | Shellcontent/% | Micacontent/% | Light substancecontent/% | Sulfide and sulfate content/% | Chloridecontent/% | Internal exposureindex | External exposure index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
| Maximum | 37.20 | 0.10 | 2.10 | 0.84 | 0.62 | 0.30 | 0.70 |
| Average | 4.19 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.24 |
| Physical propertyindicators | Bulkdensity | Porosity | Shellcontent | Light substancecontent | Sulfide and sulfatecontent | Chloridecontent | Mudcontent | Fineness modulus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulk density | 1 | -0.986 | -0.054 | -0.423 | -0.433 | -0.688 | -0.474 | 0.685 |
| Porosity | 1 | 0.060 | 0.403 | 0.416 | 0.659 | 0.491 | -0.688 | |
| Shell content | 1 | 0.070 | 0.336 | 0.056 | 0.210 | -0.173 | ||
| Light substance content | 1 | 0.216 | 0.355 | 0.248 | -0.365 | |||
| Sulfide and sulfate content | 1 | 0.354 | 0.527 | -0.402 | ||||
| Chloride content | 1 | 0.326 | -0.562 | |||||
| Mud content | 1 | -0.543 | ||||||
| Fineness modulus | 1 |
Table 3 Correlation analysis of main physical properties indicators of shallow marine sand
| Physical propertyindicators | Bulkdensity | Porosity | Shellcontent | Light substancecontent | Sulfide and sulfatecontent | Chloridecontent | Mudcontent | Fineness modulus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulk density | 1 | -0.986 | -0.054 | -0.423 | -0.433 | -0.688 | -0.474 | 0.685 |
| Porosity | 1 | 0.060 | 0.403 | 0.416 | 0.659 | 0.491 | -0.688 | |
| Shell content | 1 | 0.070 | 0.336 | 0.056 | 0.210 | -0.173 | ||
| Light substance content | 1 | 0.216 | 0.355 | 0.248 | -0.365 | |||
| Sulfide and sulfate content | 1 | 0.354 | 0.527 | -0.402 | ||||
| Chloride content | 1 | 0.326 | -0.562 | |||||
| Mud content | 1 | -0.543 | ||||||
| Fineness modulus | 1 |
| Producing area | Apparent density/(kg·m-3) | Bulk density/(kg·m-3) | Finenessmodulus | Particlessize-grading | Mudcontent/% | Chloridecontent/% | Shell content/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shandong[ | 2 610 | 1 460 | 2.7 | — | 1.6 | 0.01 | 1.9 |
| Fujian[ | 2 440 | 1 440 | 2.3 | — | 1.9 | 0.01 | 2.4 |
| Guangxi[ | 2 610 | 1 420 | 2.5 | — | 1.4 | 0.09 | 2.1 |
| Fujian[ | 2 580 | — | 2.5 | 2 | — | 0.36 | 30.0 |
| Zhejiang[ | — | — | — | — | 0.5 | 0.11 | 8.2 |
| Guangxi[ | 2 620 | 1 450 | 2.6 | — | — | — | — |
| Fujian[ | 2 630 | 1 470 | 2.2 | — | — | 0.06 | 2.3 |
| Shandong[ | 2 570 | — | — | — | 0.8 | 0.15~0.23 | 1.1 |
| Fujian[ | — | — | 2.4 | — | — | 0.08 | — |
| Fujian[ | 2 520 | 1 370 | 1.1 | — | 0.6 | 0.07 | 10.0 |
| Guangdong[ | 2 640 | 1 420 | 2.7 | 2 | — | 0.03 | 2.0~3.0 |
| Guangdong[ | 2 580 | 1 580 | 2.8 | 2 | — | 0.21 | 4.4 |
| Guangdong[ | 2 806 | 1 566 | 2.4 | 2 | 0.8 | 0.09 | 0.3 |
| Guangdong[ | 2 580 | — | 2.6 | — | 0.8 | 0.05 | — |
| This paper | 2 550~2 700 | 1 140~1 530 | 0.7~3.7 | 3 or not compliant | 0.7~37.5 | 0.11~0.62 | 0.4~37.2 |
Table 4 Main physical property indicators of original marine sand in different regions of China
| Producing area | Apparent density/(kg·m-3) | Bulk density/(kg·m-3) | Finenessmodulus | Particlessize-grading | Mudcontent/% | Chloridecontent/% | Shell content/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shandong[ | 2 610 | 1 460 | 2.7 | — | 1.6 | 0.01 | 1.9 |
| Fujian[ | 2 440 | 1 440 | 2.3 | — | 1.9 | 0.01 | 2.4 |
| Guangxi[ | 2 610 | 1 420 | 2.5 | — | 1.4 | 0.09 | 2.1 |
| Fujian[ | 2 580 | — | 2.5 | 2 | — | 0.36 | 30.0 |
| Zhejiang[ | — | — | — | — | 0.5 | 0.11 | 8.2 |
| Guangxi[ | 2 620 | 1 450 | 2.6 | — | — | — | — |
| Fujian[ | 2 630 | 1 470 | 2.2 | — | — | 0.06 | 2.3 |
| Shandong[ | 2 570 | — | — | — | 0.8 | 0.15~0.23 | 1.1 |
| Fujian[ | — | — | 2.4 | — | — | 0.08 | — |
| Fujian[ | 2 520 | 1 370 | 1.1 | — | 0.6 | 0.07 | 10.0 |
| Guangdong[ | 2 640 | 1 420 | 2.7 | 2 | — | 0.03 | 2.0~3.0 |
| Guangdong[ | 2 580 | 1 580 | 2.8 | 2 | — | 0.21 | 4.4 |
| Guangdong[ | 2 806 | 1 566 | 2.4 | 2 | 0.8 | 0.09 | 0.3 |
| Guangdong[ | 2 580 | — | 2.6 | — | 0.8 | 0.05 | — |
| This paper | 2 550~2 700 | 1 140~1 530 | 0.7~3.7 | 3 or not compliant | 0.7~37.5 | 0.11~0.62 | 0.4~37.2 |
| [1] | 赵京涛, 阚靖, 胡邦琦, 等. 中国重点海域海砂资源调查和潜力评价进展[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2024, 44(3): 90-97. |
| ZHAO J T, KAN J, HU B Q, et al. Progress in investigation and potential evaluation of sea sand resources in key seas of China[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2024, 44(3): 90-97 (in Chinese). | |
| [2] | 朱德举, 周琳林, 耿健智, 等. 不同地域海砂取代率对混凝土力学性能的影响[J]. 湖南大学学报(自然科学版), 2022, 49(11): 237-244. |
| ZHU D J, ZHOU L L, GENG J Z, et al. Effect of replacement rate of sea sand from different regions on mechanical properties of concrete[J]. Journal of Hunan University (Natural Sciences), 2022, 49(11): 237-244 (in Chinese). | |
| [3] | 郑建岚, 王雅思, 叶艳. 原状海砂对混凝土力学性能的影响[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2024, 43(6): 2149-2156. |
| ZHENG J L, WANG Y S, YE Y. Influence of undisturbed sea sand on mechanical properties of concrete[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2024, 43(6): 2149-2156 (in Chinese). | |
| [4] | 刘顺凯, 胡伟, 邹贵华, 等. 海南环岛海砂物理力学性质对比研究[J]. 工程地质学报, 2017, 25(3): 723-730. |
| LIU S K, HU W, ZOU G H, et al. Comparative research on physical and mechanical properties of sea sand in Hainan[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2017, 25(3): 723-730 (in Chinese). | |
| [5] | 邰雅婷, 汪志强, 蔡志军, 等. 海砂制备混凝土合规资源化关键问题[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2020, 20(1): 7-14. |
| TAI Y T, WANG Z Q, CAI Z J, et al. Key issues of resource utilization of sea sand for concrete production in compliance with regulations[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2020, 20(1): 7-14 (in Chinese). | |
| [6] | 曹雪晴. 荷兰海砂资源的开发与管理[J]. 海洋地质动态, 2007(12): 21-25. |
| CAO X Q. Development and management of sea land resources in the Netherlands[J]. Marine Geology Letters, 2007(12): 21-25 (in Chinese). | |
| [7] | 冷发光, 丁威, 周永祥, 等. 海砂混凝土应用技术的若干要点[J]. 施工技术, 2011, 40(7): 97-100. |
| LENG F G, DING W, ZHOU Y X, et al. Several key points of application technology of sea sand concrete[J]. Construction Technology, 2011, 40(7): 97-100 (in Chinese). | |
| [8] | 周昱程. 海砂、淡化海砂对混凝土力学和耐久性能的影响综述[J]. 混凝土与水泥制品, 2023(3): 24-28. |
| ZHOU Y C. A summary of the effects of sea sand and desalinated sea sand on the mechanical and durability of concrete[J]. China Concrete and Cement Products, 2023(3): 24-28 (in Chinese). | |
| [9] | 中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. 海砂混凝土应用技术规范: JGJ 206—2010 [S]. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2010. |
| Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China. Technical code for application of sea sand concrete: JGJ 206—2010 [S]. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2010 (in Chinese). | |
| [10] | 国家市场监督管理总局, 国家标准化管理委员会. 建设用砂: GB/T 14684—2022 [S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2022. |
| State Administration for Market Regulation, National Standardization Administration. Sand for construction: GB/T 14684—2022 [S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2022 (in Chinese). | |
| [11] | 赵慧林, 张信璘, 巩雪. 海砂淡化产业技术现状及发展趋势分析[J]. 中国建材, 2022(7): 128-131. |
| ZHAO H L, ZHANG X L, GONG X. Analysis on present situation and development trend of sea sand desalination industry technology[J]. China Building Materials, 2022(7): 128-131 (in Chinese). | |
| [12] | 黄一杰, 何绪家, 颜雪雪, 等. 海砂再生混凝土受压力学性能试验研究与分析[J]. 混凝土, 2019(4): 19-23. |
| HUANG Y J, HE X J, YAN X X, et al. Experimental study and analysis on sea sand recycled concrete under axial compression[J]. Concrete, 2019(4): 19-23 (in Chinese). | |
| [13] | 李师财, 于泳, 金祖权. 海水海砂混凝土力学性能与耐久性研究综述[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2020, 39(12): 3743-3752. |
| LI S C, YU Y, JIN Z Q. Review on mechanical properties and durability of seawater and sea-sand concrete[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2020, 39(12): 3743-3752 (in Chinese). | |
| [14] | 韩刚, 王学志, 辛明, 等. 海水海砂混凝土力学性能研究综述[J]. 辽宁工业大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 41(6): 405-408. |
| HAN G, WANG X Z, XIN M, et al. Summary of research on mechanical properties of marine sand concrete[J]. Journal of Liaoning University of Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2021, 41(6): 405-408 (in Chinese). | |
| [15] | 刘伟, 蒲正霖, 孙红芳, 等. 海砂中氯离子含量的影响因素研究[J]. 建筑材料学报, 2016, 19(5): 921-925+932. |
| LIU W, PU Z L, SUN H F, et al. Influence factors of chloride content in dredged marine sand[J]. Journal of Building Materials, 2016, 19(5): 921-925+932 (in Chinese). | |
| [16] | 苏岳威, 张佳康, 吴蓬, 等. 海砂对混凝土耐久性能的影响研究综述[J]. 混凝土, 2021(2): 63-67. |
| SU Y W, ZHANG J K, WU P, et al. Review on the influence of sea sand on the durability of concrete[J]. Concrete, 2021(2): 63-67 (in Chinese). | |
| [17] | DU X L, JIN L. Meso-scale numerical investigation on cracking of cover concrete induced by corrosion of reinforcing steel[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2014, 39: 21-33. |
| [18] | ELLIOTT RICHARDSON A, FULLER T. Sea shells used as partial aggregate replacement in concrete[J]. Structural Survey, 2013, 31(5): 347-354. |
| [19] | ZHAO Y F, HU X, SHI C J, et al. A review on seawater sea-sand concrete: mixture proportion, hydration, microstructure and properties[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2021, 295: 123602. |
| [20] | 邢丽, 薛瑞丰, 曹喜. 海砂海水混凝土性能研究[J]. 混凝土, 2015(11): 137-141. |
| XING L, XUE R F, CAO X. Performance of concrete with sea sand and sea water[J]. Concrete, 2015(11): 137-141 (in Chinese). | |
| [21] | 陈宗平, 王心月, 陈宇良, 等. 海砂海水混凝土力学性能试验研究[J]. 混凝土, 2020(11): 1-7. |
| CHEN Z P, WANG X Y, CHEN Y L, et al. Experimental mechanical properties of seasand-seawater concrete[J]. Concrete, 2020(11): 1-7 (in Chinese). | |
| [22] | 肖建庄, 廖清香, 张青天, 等. 海水海砂再生混凝土与玻璃纤维增强塑料筋黏结性能[J]. 同济大学学报(自然科学版), 2018, 46(7): 884-890+971. |
| XIAO J Z, LIAO Q X, ZHANG Q T, et al. Bond behavior between seawater sea-sand recycled aggregate concrete and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer bars[J]. Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science), 2018, 46(7): 884-890+971 (in Chinese). | |
| [23] | 黄一杰, 吴纪达, 肖建庄, 等. 钢管海砂再生混凝土轴压性能试验与分析[J]. 建筑材料学报, 2018, 21(1): 85-90+130. |
| HUANG Y J, WU J D, XIAO J Z, et al. Experimental study and analysis on axial compressive behavior of sea-sand recycled concrete filled steel tube[J]. Journal of Building Materials, 2018, 21(1): 85-90+130 (in Chinese). | |
| [24] | DONG Z Q, WU G, ZHAO X L, et al. Durability test on the flexural performance of seawater sea-sand concrete beams completely reinforced with FRP bars[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2018, 192: 671-682. |
| [25] | 倪博文, 王晶, 王祖琦, 等. 纤维对海砂超高性能混凝土性能的影响[J]. 新型建筑材料, 2018, 45(10): 5-7+11. |
| NI B W, WANG J, WANG Z Q, et al. Influence of fiber on ultra-high performance concrete with sea sand[J]. New Building Materials, 2018, 45(10): 5-7+11 (in Chinese). | |
| [26] | 刘伟, 谢友均, 董必钦, 等. 海砂特性及海砂混凝土力学性能的研究[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2014, 33(1): 15-22. |
| LIU W, XIE Y J, DONG B Q, et al. Study on characteristics of dredged marine sand and the mechanical properties of concrete made with dredged marine sand[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2014, 33(1): 15-22 (in Chinese). | |
| [27] | 邓雪莲, 虞爱平, 黄正文. 海砂河砂混合砂浆物理及力学性能试验研究与分析[J]. 混凝土, 2021(11): 112-116. |
| DENG X L, YU A P, HUANG Z W. Experimental study and analysis on physical and mechanical properties of sea sand and river sand mortar[J]. Concrete, 2021(11): 112-116 (in Chinese). | |
| [28] | 宁博, 欧阳东, 温喜廉. 利用海砂制备高性能混凝土试验研究[J]. 混凝土, 2012(1): 88-90+93. |
| NING B, OUYANG D, WEN X L. Experimental study on sea sand high-performance concrete[J]. Concrete, 2012(1): 88-90+93 (in Chinese). |
| [1] | HUA Tengfei, HE Zhenhai, SUN Yinguo, LIU Yun, CHEN Xuefeng, CHEN Jing, ZHANG Feng. Comparative Test on Grinding Properties and Cementitious Properties of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Yellow Phosphorus Slag [J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2025, 44(3): 1021-1031. |
| [2] | LUO Yiming, ZHANG Bo, LIU Yanyu, WU Shoujun, FU Guo. Experimental Study on High Temperature Performance of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Ultra-High Performance Concrete [J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2024, 43(3): 825-832. |
| [3] | SUI Hongyu, LI Lin, WEN Jing, LI Fangfang, JIANG Tao. Preparation of Magnesium Oxysulfate Cement by Roasting Pretreatment of Boron Mud [J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2023, 42(5): 1758-1766. |
| [4] | GU Lilong, SHANG Huaishuai, WU Yayue, MENG Weiguang, HOU Guanhao. Application of Metakaolin in Artificial Hydraulic Lime Repair Mortar [J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2023, 42(12): 4351-4359. |
| [5] | CUI Wanshun, WEN Weixiang, YAN Pingke, GAO Yujuan, BAI Yang. Experimental Study on Crystallization of Anhydrous Magnesium Carbonate Crystals Regulated by Amino Acids [J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2022, 41(8): 2904-2909. |
| [6] | AN Qiang, PAN Huimin, WANG Shuai, ZHAO Qingxin. Effects of Fly ash and Slag Particle Size Distributions on Microstructure and Chloride Ion Penetration Resistance of Concrete [J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2022, 41(3): 884-893. |
| [7] | ZHU Jianping, YUE Hongzhi, ZHU Junge, BAI Rong, LI Hongda. Research on Material and Environmental Properties of Gold Tailings [J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2021, 40(10): 3457-3463. |
| [8] | WANG Xia;ZHUO Jin-de;JI Hong-wei;DONG Yang;LI Qiao;WANG Ke. Effect of the Particle Size Distribution on the Performance of Dry-mixed Mortar with High Loading Fly Ash [J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2018, 37(6): 1877-1880. |
| [9] | MA Jun-tao;LI Chao;DUAN Ai-ping;ZHANG Bing. Activity Analyses on Grinding Period of Fly Ash in Cement-based Material [J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2018, 37(5): 1740-1746. |
| [10] | ZHAO Xian-hui;LIU Chun-yuan;WANG Wen-jing;ZHU Nan. Experimental Research on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Soda Residue Mixing Soils Used for Filling Embankment [J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2017, 36(4): 1406-1411. |
| [11] | GAO Ge;LI Gen-shen;ZHU Jian-ping;FENG Chun-hua. Research Progress on the Influences of Particle Size Characteristics of Cementitious Composition on Cement Properties [J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2017, 36(10): 3311-3317. |
| [12] | FAN Lei;LIU Guang-yan;LU Rui-yang;JIN Da-zhi. Influence of Glass Powder Particle Size on Properties of Complex Binder [J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2017, 36(1): 180-185. |
| [13] | LI Bei-xing;ZENG Wei;ZHU Zhi-gang. Properties and Preparation of Iron Tailings-Phosphorus Slag Based Composite Mineral Addition with Cascade-Grinding [J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2015, 34(9): 2425-2431. |
| [14] | TIAN Chong-fei;LUO Zhong-tao;WANG Xiao;YIN Hui-ling;YANG Jiu-jun. Change Regulation of Red Mud Cement Radioactive during Cement Hydration [J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2015, 34(9): 2579-2584. |
| [15] | SUN Xiao-wei;CHEN Yan-wen;PAN Wen-hao;LI Hang. Influence of Grinding Aids on Properties of Slag Portland Cement [J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2015, 34(8): 2083-2088. |
| Viewed | ||||||
|
Full text |
|
|||||
|
Abstract |
|
|||||