Salt Frost Resistance and Improvement of Supersulfated Cement Concrete

Abstract

Abstract: The influence of air-entraining agent, and the enhancement effect of one weak alkaline activator—sodium lactate on the salt frost resistance of supersulfated cement concretewere systematically investigated. Specifically, the surface spalling mass and relative dynamic elastic modulus of ultrasonic of concrete after different cycles of salt freezing were periodically tested, and the air-void structure characteristic was characterized. The results indicate that adding air-entraining agent effectively improves the salt frost resistance of supersulfated cement concrete but with the loss of strength, and the compound addition of sodium lactate avoids strength loss. Adding 0.3% (mass fraction) air-entraining agent of cementitious material, the spalling mass is only 919.7 g/m², which is 36.8% lower than that of the reference group, and the relative dynamic elastic modulus of ultrasonic is not significantly reduced. The addition of air-entraining agent ameliorates the air-void structure of supersulfated cement concrete, including the reduce of internal pore spacing ecoefficiency and proportion of pore with string length greater than 100 μm. This can slow down the development rate of internal microcracks and delay the failure under freeze-thaw cycles. In addition, sodium lactate promotes the hydration of supersulfated cement and enhances the salt frost resistance of concrete. However, the enhancement effect mainly appears in the late test period. Meanwhile, sodium lactate has little influence on the air-void structure parameters of concrete (28 d).

Key words: supersulfated cement concrete, salt frost resistance, air-entraining agent, sodium lactate, air-void structure, hydration behavior

CLC Number:

TU528

PENG Zechuan, ZHOU Yang, CHEN Luchuan, WANG Liang. Salt Frost Resistance and Improvement of Supersulfated Cement Concrete[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2022, 41(2): 415-424.

References

[1] ASSI L N, CARTER K, DEAVER E, et al. Review of availability of source materials for geopolymer/sustainable concrete[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020, 263: 121477.
[2] 郭玉萍,王海波,牛全林.超硫酸盐水泥的组成、制备及性能[J].工程质量,2016,34(11):66-68.
GUO Y P, WANG H B, NIU Q L. Composition, preparation and properties of supersulfated cement[J]. Construction Quality, 2016, 34(11): 66-68 (in Chinese).
[3] WANG J, YU B Y, GAO Y X. Hydration characteristics of super sulphated cement with different fineness[C]//Advances in Intelligent Systems Research, Proceedings of the International Conference on Material and Environmental Engineering (ICMAEE 2014). Jiujiang, China. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014.
[4] MATSCHEI T, BELLMANN F, STARK J. Hydration behaviour of sulphate-activated slag cements[J]. Advances in Cement Research, 2005, 17(4): 167-178.
[5] 余保英,赵日煦,杨文,等.同等P₂O₅掺量下,不同石膏对超硫酸盐水泥水化机理的影响[J].硅酸盐通报,2017,36(5):1542-1547.
YU B Y, ZHAO R X, YANG W, et al. Effects of gypsum with same content of P₂O₅ on hydration mechanism of supersulphated cement[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2017, 36(5): 1542-1547 (in Chinese).
[6] 周建伟,程宝军,余保英,等.脱硫石膏的热处理对超硫酸盐水泥性能的影响[J].无机盐工业,2020,52(11):79-85.
ZHOU J W, CHENG B J, YU B Y, et al. Effect of heat-treated desulfurized gypsum on properties of super sulfated cement[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2020, 52(11): 79-85 (in Chinese).
[7] SONEBI M, ABDALQADER A, FAYYAD T, et al. Optimisation of rheological parameters, induced bleeding, permeability and mechanical properties of supersulfated cement grouts[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 262: 120078.
[8] 孙正宁,周健,慕儒,等.新型超硫酸盐水泥水化硬化机理[J].硅酸盐通报,2019,38(8):2362-2368.
SUN Z N, ZHOU J, MU R, et al. Hydration and hardening mechanisms of newly developed supersulfated cement[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2019, 38(8): 2362-2368 (in Chinese).
[9] PHELIPOT A, LANOS C, SAMSON G, et al. Super sulfated cement: formulation and uses[J]. CONMAT (Construction Materials Conference a Success), 2015: 10.
[10] PINTO S R, ANGULSKI DA LUZ C, MUNHOZ G S, et al. Resistance of phosphogypsum-based supersulfated cement to carbonation and chloride ingress[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2020, 263: 120640.
[11] GROUNDS T, NOWELL D V, WILBURN F W. Resistance of supersulfated cement to strong sulfate solutions[J]. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2003, 72(1): 181-190.
[12] 李磊.冶金渣在超硫酸盐水泥中的应用及其增强机理研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2010.
LI L. Research of enhance mechanism and application on supersulphated cement using metallurgical slag[D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology, 2010 (in Chinese).
[13] 陆瑶,李双喜,田亚超,等.碱激发剂对超硫酸盐水泥及其混凝土性能的影响[J].粉煤灰综合利用,2020,34(6):59-63+115.
LU Y, LI S X, TIAN Y C, et al. The effect of alkali activator on the properties of super sulfate cement and concrete[J]. Fly Ash Comprehensive Utilization, 2020, 34(6): 59-63+115 (in Chinese).
[14] MASOUDI J R. Examining compositions, hydration mechanisms and properties of supersulfated cement for use in concrete[D]. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2018.
[15] 王发洲,黄大凡,杨进,等.干湿循环对混凝土单面盐冻破坏的影响[J].武汉理工大学学报,2016,38(4):8-13.
WANG F Z, HUANG D F, YANG J, et al. The effect of dry-wet circulation on one-sided salt frost damage of concrete[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, 2016, 38(4): 8-13 (in Chinese).
[16] 赵燕茹,刘芳芳,王磊,等.单面盐冻条件下基于孔结构的玄武岩纤维混凝土抗压强度模型[J].材料导报,2020,34(12):12064-12069.
ZHAO Y R, LIU F F, WANG L, et al. Modeling of the compressive strength of basalt fiber concrete based on pore structure under single-side freeze-thaw condition[J]. Materials Reports, 2020, 34(12): 12064-12069 (in Chinese).
[17] ZHOU Y, PENG Z C, CHEN L C, et al. The influence of two types of alkali activators on the microstructure and performance of supersulfated cement concrete: mitigating the strength and carbonation resistance[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2021, 118: 103947.
[18] 吴鹏程,杨全兵,徐俊辉,等.低危害除冰盐对水泥混凝土盐冻破坏的影响及其机理[J].建筑材料学报,2020,23(2):317-321+327.
WU P C, YANG Q B, XU J H, et al. Effects of a low-harm deicing salt on the salt-frost scaling of concrete and its mechanism[J]. Journal of Building Materials, 2020, 23(2): 317-321+327 (in Chinese).
[19] 杨全兵.混凝土盐冻破坏机理(Ⅱ):冻融饱水度和结冰压[J].建筑材料学报,2012,15(6):741-746.
YANG Q B. One of mechanisms on the deicer-frost scaling of concrete (Ⅱ): degree of saturation and ice-formation pressure during freezing-thawing cycles[J]. Journal of Building Materials, 2012, 15(6): 741-746 (in Chinese).
[20] 徐存东,温钦钰,丁廉营,等.混凝土动弹模量在盐冻作用下的衰变试验[J].兰州理工大学学报,2017,43(2):138-142.
XU C D, WEN Q Y, DING L Y, et al. Experiment of decay of dynamic elastic modulus of concrete under freeze salt action[J]. Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology, 2017, 43(2): 138-142 (in Chinese).
[21] 曾鲁平,赵爽,王伟,等.硬化喷射混凝土的气泡结构特性、抗水渗透及抗冻性能[J].硅酸盐学报,2020,48(11):1781-1790.
ZENG L P, ZHAO S, WANG W, et al. Air-void structure characteristics, water penetration resistance and freeze-thaw resistance of hardened shotcrete[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2020, 48(11): 1781-1790 (in Chinese).
[22] SUN Z N, ZHOU J, QI Q L, et al. Influence of fly ash on mechanical properties and hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate-activated supersulfated cement[J]. Materials, 2020, 13(11): 2514.
[23] RUBERT S, ANGULSKI DA LUZ C, VARELA M V F, et al. Hydration mechanisms of supersulfated cement[J]. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2018, 134(2): 971-980.