飞行器用防热材料的研究进展

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 防热材料是保护飞行器表面在飞行中避免过热而烧毁的重要保障。随着飞行器飞行速度的提升,防热材料的工作环境越发恶劣,对防热材料的性能要求也越来越高。从20世纪50年代开始,国内外对防热材料都进行了较为深入地研究,研发了多种防热材料来应对不同的气动情况。本文就现用防热材料的种类、性能及应用现状进行了综述,并对防热材料的发展进行了展望。

关键词: 防热材料, 复合材料, 难熔金属, 抗烧蚀性能, 力学性能

Abstract: Thermal protective materials are the important guarantee of aircraft which avoid burning out during flight for overheating. The working environment of thermal protective materials becomes worse for the high speed of aircraft, which sets a higher demand for the properties of thermal protective materials. In addition to ablative energy, mechanical properties are also the focus of research. Since the 1950s, further research on thermal protective materials has been carried out at home and abroad. According to different aerodynamic conditions, a variety of thermal protective materials have been developed. At present, thermal protective materials include metal, ceramics, and resin matrix composites. In this paper, the types, properties, and application status of thermal protective materials are reviewed, and the development prospect is also proposed.

Key words: thermal protective material, composite material, refractory metal, ablative resistance, mechanical property

中图分类号:

V250

黄竑翔, 王峰, 贺智勇, 王晓波. 飞行器用防热材料的研究进展[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2021, 40(2): 638-644.

HUANG Hongxiang, WANG Feng, HE Zhiyong, WANG Xiaobo. Development of Thermal Protective Materials for Aircraft[J]. BULLETIN OF THE CHINESE CERAMIC SOCIETY, 2021, 40(2): 638-644.

参考文献

[1] 薛华飞,姚秀荣,程海明,等.热防护用轻质烧蚀材料现状与发展[J].哈尔滨理工大学学报,2017,22(1):123-128.
XUE H F, YAO X R, CHENG H M, et al. Current situation development of lightweight ablation materials for thermal protection[J]. Journal of Harbin University of Science and Technology, 2017, 22(1): 123-128 (in Chinese).
[2] 黄红岩,苏力军,雷朝帅,等.可重复使用热防护材料应用与研究进展[J].航空学报,2020,41:1-37.
HUANG H Y, SU L J, LEI C S, et al. Research and application progress of reusable thermal protective materials[J].Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2020, 41: 1-37 (in Chinese).
[3] 周聪,徐淑琼,李云芳.返回式航天器高温隔热材料综述[J].科技视界,2019(18):168-169+173.
ZHOU C, XU S Q, LI Y F. Review on high temperature insulation materials of returning spacecraft[J]. Science & Technology Vision, 2019(18): 168-169+173 (in Chinese).
[4] 韩杰才,洪长青,张幸红,等.新型轻质热防护复合材料的研究进展[J].载人航天,2015,21(4):315-321.
HAN J C, HONG C Q, ZHANG X H, et al. Research progress of novel lightweight thermal protection composites[J]. Manned Spaceflight, 2015, 21(4): 315-321 (in Chinese).
[5] BLOSSER M L. Development of metallic thermal protection systems for the reusable launch vehicle[C]//Space technology and applications international forum (STAIF-97). ASCE, New Mexico. 1997, 387(1): 1125-1144.
[6] 陈玉峰,洪长青,胡成龙,等.空天飞行器用热防护陶瓷材料[J].现代技术陶瓷,2017,38(5):311-390.
CHEN Y F, HONG C Q, HU C L, et al. Ceramic-based thermal protection materials for aerospace vehicles[J]. Advanced Ceramics, 2017, 38(5): 311-390 (in Chinese).
[7] 关春龙,李垚,赫晓东.可重复使用热防护系统防热结构及材料的研究现状[J].宇航材料工艺,2003,33(6):7-11+42.
GUAN C L, LI Y, HE X D. Research status of structures and materials for reusable TPS[J]. Aerospace Materials & Technology, 2003, 33(6): 7-11+42 (in Chinese).
[8] 马秀萍,郭亚林,张祎.轻质烧蚀防热材料研究进展[J].航天制造技术,2018(1):2-6+11.
MA X P, GUO Y L, ZHANG Y. Progression of lightweight ablative thermal protection materials[J]. Aerospace Manufacturing Technology, 2018(1): 2-6+11 (in Chinese).
[9] TARTAGLIONE L, MAZZOLA J. Apollo composite ablator material used on space shuttle[C]//23rd Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference. 10 May 1982-12 May 1982, Virginia: AIAA, 1982.
[10] 王春明,梁馨,孙宝岗,等.低密度烧蚀材料在神舟飞船上的应用[J].宇航材料工艺,2011,41(2):5-8.
WANG C M, LIANG X, SUN B G, et al. Application of low density ablative material on Shenzhou spacecraft[J]. Aerospace Materials & Technology, 2011, 41(2): 5-8 (in Chinese).
[11] TRAN H K, RASKY D J, ESFAHANI L. Thermal response and ablation characteristics of lightweight ceramic ablators[J]. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 1994, 31(6): 993-998.
[12] 贾献峰,刘旭华,乔文明,等.酚醛浸渍碳烧蚀体(PICA)的制备、结构及性能[J].宇航材料工艺,2016,46(1):77-80+90.
JIA X F, LIU X H, QIAO W M, et al. Preparation and properties of phenolic impregnated carbon ablator[J]. Aerospace Materials & Technology, 2016, 46(1): 77-80+90 (in Chinese).
[13] 杨威,贾献峰,乔文明,等.刚性短切碳纤维预制体和酚醛浸渍碳烧蚀体的制备及性能[J].宇航材料工艺,2016,46(2):13-18.
YANG W, JIA X F, QIAO W M, et al. Preparation and properties of rigid carbon fiber preform and resulting phenolic impregnated carbon ablator[J]. Aerospace Materials & Technology, 2016, 46(2): 13-18 (in Chinese).
[14] 唐亮亮,邝用庚,陈飞雄,等.钨钼渗铜材料的力学性能和组织研究[J].粉末冶金工业,2011,21(3):6-10.
TANG L L, KUANG Y G, CHEN F X, et al. Research on the mechanical properties and microstructure of W-Mo-Cu composites[J]. Powder Metallurgy Industry, 2011, 21(3): 6-10 (in Chinese).
[15] 陈伟,周武平,邝用庚,等.钨渗铜材料高温力学性能与组织研究[J].宇航材料工艺,2005,35(1):56-59.
CHEN W, ZHOU W P, KUANG Y G, et al. Research on the mechanical properties and microstructure of W-Cu composite used in high-temperature field[J]. Aerospace Materials & Technology, 2005, 35(1): 56-59 (in Chinese).
[16] 付前刚,张佳平,李贺军.抗烧蚀C/C复合材料研究进展[J].新型炭材料,2015,30(2):97-105.
FU Q G, ZHANG J P, LI H J. Advances in the ablation resistance of C/C composites[J]. New Carbon Materials, 2015, 30(2): 97-105 (in Chinese).
[17] TANG S F, DENG J Y, WANG S J, et al. Ablation behaviors of ultra-high temperature ceramic composites[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2007, 465(1/2): 1-7.
[18] REN J J, LI K Z, ZHANG S Y, et al. Preparation of high texture three-dimensional braided carbon/carbon composites by pyrolysis of ethanol and methane[J]. Ceramics International, 2016, 42(2): 2887-2891.
[19] HUO C X, GUO L J, LI Y Y, et al. Effect of co-deposited SiC nanowires and carbon nanotubes on oxidation resistance for SiC-coated C/C composites[J]. Ceramics International, 2017, 43(2): 1722-1730.
[20] 樊乾国,郝志彪,闫联生,等.超高温陶瓷改性C/SiC复合材料的研究进展[J].材料导报,2011,25(s1):539-542.
FAN Q G, HAO Z B, YAN L S, et al. Research progress on the ultra-high temperature ceramic modified C/SiC composites[J]. Materials Review, 2011, 25(s1): 539-542 (in Chinese).
[21] 王芙愿,王毅,杨晓辉,等.C/SiC复合材料在1 700 ℃下氧化机制研究[J].火箭推进,2017,43(6):82-87.
WANG F Y, WANG Y, YANG X H, et al. High-temperature oxidation of C/SiC composites at 1 700 ℃[J]. Journal of Rocket Propulsion, 2017, 43(6): 82-87 (in Chinese).
[22] 闫志巧,熊翔,肖鹏,等.C/SiC复合材料表面化学气相沉积涂覆SiC涂层及其抗氧化性能[J].硅酸盐学报,2008,36(8):1098-1102+1108.
YAN Z Q, XIONG X, XIAO P, et al. Preparation of SiC coatings on surface of C/SiC composites by the chemical vapor deposition and their oxidation resistance behavior[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2008, 36(8): 1098-1102+1108 (in Chinese).
[23] 朱时珍,李俊红,于晓东.连续碳纤维增强碳化硅复合材料的制备与性能研究[J].北京理工大学学报,2002,22(4):422-424+440.
ZHU S Z, LI J H, YU X D. Preparation and properties of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced silicon carbide composites[J]. Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology, 2002, 22(4): 422-424+440 (in Chinese).
[24] 孙晔华,李国栋,叶国柱,等.炭纤维涂层改性对快速制备C_f/SiC复合材料力学性能的影响[J].粉末冶金材料科学与工程,2019,24(3):248-254.
SUN Y H, LI G D, YE G Z, et al. Effect of carbon fiber coating modification on mechanical properties of rapidly prepared C_f/SiC composite[J]. Materials Science and Engineering of Powder Metallurgy, 2019, 24(3): 248-254 (in Chinese).
[25] HE X L, GUO Y K, ZHOU Y, et al. Microstructures of short-carbon-fiber-reinforced SiC composites prepared by hot-pressing[J]. Materials Characterization, 2008, 59(12): 1771-1775.
[26] FRAAO A, DB L, HE G, et al. Fibrous refractory composite insulation: US4148962[P]. 1979-04-10.
[27] DICHIARA R A. Method of making a permeable ceramic tile insulation: US6613255[P]. 2003-09-02.
[28] 王衍飞,张长瑞,冯坚,等.SiO₂气凝胶/短切石英纤维多孔骨架复合材料的制备与性能[J].硅酸盐学报,2009,37(2):234-237.
WANG Y F, ZHANG C R, FENG J, et al. Fabrication and properties of SiO₂-aerogel/short silica fiber porous skeleton composite[J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2009, 37(2): 234-237 (in Chinese).
[29] 孙陈诚,何雅玲,王晓婷,等.高辐射涂层对刚性隔热瓦性能的影响[J].宇航材料工艺,2018,48(3):42-46.
SUN C C, HE Y L, WANG X T, et al. Effects of coating on performance rigid tile[J]. Aerospace Materials & Technology, 2018, 48(3): 42-46 (in Chinese).
[30] 夏刚,程文科,秦子增.充气式再入飞行器柔性热防护系统的发展状况[J].宇航材料工艺,2003,33(6):1-6.
XIA G, CHENG W K, QIN Z Z. Development of flexible thermal protection for system inflatable re-entry vehicles[J]. Aerospace Materials & Technology, 2003, 33(6): 1-6 (in Chinese).
[31] 吴文军,胡子君,房景臣,等.具有多层反射结构的柔性纳米隔热材料[J].宇航材料工艺,2009,39(5):36-38+55.
WU W J, HU Z J, FANG J C, et al. Flexible thermal insulating material with multilayer reflection and nanostructure[J]. Aerospace Materials & Technology, 2009, 39(5): 36-38+55 (in Chinese).